Test 1 Flashcards
What are the 4 standard views for navicular radiographs?
Lateral, DP 45, DP 65, Flexor
Which 2 views have multiple methods of achieving the same results?
DP 45 and DP 65
Where is the navicular located?
Caudal portion of hoof little below the coronary band
For the lateral navicular, how is the x-ray beam positioned?
Right angle to cassette
Where should the film identification markers be located for a navicular x-ray?
along side and close to the hoof
For the lateral view, why would you have a horse stand on a block of wood?
Cassette needs to be lower than sole of hoof
What are 3 ways to encourage the horse to stand weight bearing on the leg of interest?
hold up opposite foot, push opposite side, halter signals
For which navicular view must the horse lean forward and may have the machine located under the belly of the horse?
Flexor, Skyline
For which navicular views is the cassette protected in a cassette tunnel?
Flexor, Skyline, DP 45, and DP 65
Why is it important not to have the horse standing too near the back age of the cassette?
Image protects backwards
For a second version of the DP views, the horse is standing on a block of wood and the cassette is positioned where?
Behind hoof and angled with leg
For which views of the navicular is it important to label the medial and lateral side of the horses foot?
DP 45 and DP 65
If using the location of the x-ray label to indicate the lateral and medial sides of the hoof, then the marker is always placed on which side of the hoof?
lateral
What is hip dysplasia?
an abnormal formation of the hip socket that can eventually cause crippling lameness and painful arthritis of the joints
How is hip dysplasia diagnosed?
physical exam and x-rays
What is often noticed when doing a physical exam on a dog with hip dysplasia?
Decreased hip joint range of movement
What are some clinical signs associated with hip dysplasia?
May not be lame, wobbly hind limb gate, arching of back, hyperextension of hock
What is the surgery used to correct hip dysplasia called?
triple pelvic osteotomy
What happens in a triple pelvic osteotomy?
the body of the pelvis is restricted so that the femoral head can be repositioned to fit into the joint capsule better
Which type of dog would not be a good candidate for a triple pelvic osteotomy?
Older dogs, arthritic dogs, dogs with lameness
What is the average age at which dogs develop signs of hip dysplasia?
adulthood
Occasionally one will see a dog with clinical signs of hip dysplasia as young as what?
4 to 12 months
Can dogs develop hip dysplasia as an older adult?
yes
How old should a dog be before being certified as hip dysplasia free?
2 years
To do a triple pelvic osteotomy on the left hip, what position must the dog be in?
right lateral recumbency
In dogs with suggested hip dysplasia, radiographs should be what?
taken with the dog sedated and symmetrically positioned
What does the Fetlock joint view include?
fetlock joint and proximal sesamoids
What does the 1st phalanx view include?
fetlock joint, 1st phalanx, and pastern joint
What do you center on for a 1st phalanx view?
1st phalanx
What do you center on for a pastern view?
on the joint
What does the 2nd phalanx view include?
pastern joint, 2nd phalanx, and coffin joint
What do you center on for a 2nd phalanx view?
2nd phalanx
What does the 3rd phalanx view include?
coffin joint and 3rd phalanx
What are the views for the fetlock joint radiograph?
lateral, flexed lateral, Dorsal palmar, dorsal plantar, oblique ML, oblique LM
How is the foot of the horse positioned for the fetlock lateral radiograph?
in a weight bearing position directly under the body
Where is the cassette placed for a fetlock lateral radiograph?
on the floor on the medial side of the hoof of interest
What should the FOV include for a fetlock lateral radiograph?
the fetlock joint and a small portion of the bones proximal and distal to the joint
Why is flexation done for a fetlock flexed lateral radiograph?
to open up joint spaces
Where is the beam centered for a fetlock flexed lateral radiograph?
through joint at right angles to cassette
What should the FOV include for a fetlock flexed lateral radiograph?
the fetlock joint and a portion of the bones proximal and distal
Where is the cassette placed for a fetlock DP view?
as close as possible to fetlock
How is the beam for a fetlock DP view?
right angle to cassette
What should the FOV include for a fetlock DP view?
entire fetlock joint and a small portion of the bones both proximal and distal to the joint
How is the x-ray tube angled for a fetlock medial and lateral oblique?
depending on the oblique view, 30 to 45 degrees to either side of the dorsal midline of the foot
Where is the cassette placed for a fetlock medial and lateral oblique view?
on the floor against the palmar of plantar aspect of the foot
What are the views for the 1st phalanx view?
lateral, DP, CrCa, AP, Medial Oblique, Lateral Oblique
What should the FOV include for the 1st phalanx lateral view?
fetlock joint, 1st phalanx and pastern joint
Where is the cassette placed for a 1st phalanx DP view?
behind the limb parallel to the phalanges
What should the FOV include for the 1st phalanx DP view?
fetlock joint, the 1st phalanx and pastern joint
What are the views for the pastern joint?
lateral, DP, Medial Oblique-LM, Lateral Oblique-ML
What are the views for the 2nd phalanx?
Lateral, DP, Oblique-ML, Oblique-LM
What are the views for the coffin joint?
Lateral, DP, Obliques
What is the 3rd phalanx also known as?
pedal bone or distal phalanx
What are the views for 3rd phalanx?
Lateral, DP, DP 45
What side of the foot is the cassette placed for a 3rd phalanx lateral view?
medial
What should the FOV include for a 3rd phalanx lateral view?
entire hoof centering the 3rd phalanx in the primary beam and center of the cassette
Where is the cassette placed for a 3rd phalanx DP view
directly behind the foot on the floor or in the cassette groove and half perpendicular to the floor
What should the FOV include for a 3rd phalanx DP view?
entire hoof
Where is the cassette placed for a 3rd phalanx DP 45 view?
in a tunnel cassette holder, and the foot of the patient is positioned on top of the tunnel
Where should the foot be on the cassette for a 3rd phalanx DP 45 view?
center
What are the routine views for canine and feline femur radiographs?
Lateral and craniocaudal
Where is the affected limb placed with a lateral femur radiograph?
closest to the cassette
How is the opposite limb with a lateral femur radiograph?
abducted and rotated out of the line of the x-ray beam
How can you alleviate any rotation of the femur in a lateral femur radiograph?
place a foam pad under the proximal tibia
What is the FOV for a lateral femur radiograph?
hip joint, femur, and stifle joint
Where is the primary beam on a lateral mediolateral femur radiograph?
centered on the femoral shaft
Where is the marker placed for a lateral femur radiograph?
on the cranial side of the limb of interest
Why is it sometimes difficult to position the femur so that it runs parallel to the cassette?
because of the structure of the femur
The femur NOT running parallel to the cassette can cause what?
foreshortening of the limb, altering the true length and shape of the bone
What view may require some sedation to achieve proper extension of the femur?
craniocaudal or VD extended
How is the patient placed for a Craniocaudal view of the femur?
Dorsal recumbency
What do you do with the limb of interest for a craniocaudal view of the femur?
extend is caudally so that the femur is parallel to the table
With the craniocaudal view of the femur increased OFD causes what?
magnification and a decrease in detail
With the craniocaudal view of the femur, slight abduction of the affected limb does what?
eliminates superimposition of the proximal femur over the tuber ischium
Where should the patella be for a craniocaudal view of the femur?
between the two femoral condyles
what should the FOV include for a craniocaudal view of the femur?
hip joint, femur and stifle joint
Where is the marker placed for a craniocaudal view of the femur?
lateral side of the limb
How is the patient positioned for a cross-table horizontal beam view?
in lateral recumbency with the limb to be imaged nondependent
Where is the cassette placed for a cross-table horizontal beam view?
caudal to the limb and perpendicular to the table
In a cross-table horizontal beam view, bring the tube head down toward the table, and angle the primary beam how?
perpendicular to the femur
Where should the primary beam enter for a cross-table horizontal beam view?
on the femoral shaft
What are the views for canine and feline tarsus radiographs?
lateral and plantardorsal
What is an alternate view for canine and feline tarsus radiographs?
dorsoplantar
How is the patient placed for a medial to lateral view of the tarsus?
in lateral recumbency with the affected limb closest to the cassette in a natural, slightly flexed position and centered to the cassette
With a lateral view of the tarsus, a sponge or foam wedge can be used under the tarsus to achieve what?
an exact mediolateral position and to eliminate any rotation of the limb
Where should the primary beam be for a lateral view of the tarsus?
centered on the tarsal joint and collimate to include only the joint and marker
How is the patient placed for a plantar dorsal view of the tarsus?
in sternal recumbency with the affected limb extended caudally
With a plantar dorsal view of the tarsus, foam wedges under the flexed unaffected limb to assist with what?
positioning
With the plantar dorsal view of the tarsus, foam blocks can be placed under the caudal abdomen and pelvic region for what?
patient comfort and to control rotation of the tarsus
With the plantar dorsal view of the tarsus, a foam wedge should be placed under the stifle joint to achieve what?
maximum extension of the tarsus
What should the primary beam be on a plantar dorsal view of the tarsus?
centered on the tarsal joint
How is the patient placed for a antero-posterior view of the tarsus?
lateral recumbency with affected leg uppermost
How is the cassette placed for a antero-posterior view of the tarsus?
vertically against the plantar aspect of the foot with the tarsus in the middle of the film
The dorsoplantar view of the tarsus may be easier to do what?
facilitate when an animal resists caudal extension of the hind limb
How is the patient placed for a dorsoplantar view of the tarsus?
in sternal recumbency with the affected limb extended cranially alongside the body
With a dorsoplantar view of the tarsus, the limb should be slightly abducted from the body wall to prevent what?
any superimposition of stomach or front leg over the tarsus
A true dorsoplantar position is ensured by doing what?
rotating the stifle medially in order to center the patella between the femoral condyles
What are the standard views for the canine and feline stifle joint radiographs?
medial lateral, caudocranial
What are some additional views of the canine and feline stifle joint radiographs?
Craniocaudal and skyline projection of patella
How is the patient placed for a mediolateral view of the stifle joint?
in lateral recumbency with the limb of interest closest to the table and the stifle joint centered on the cassette
How is the opposite limb positioned for a mediolateral view of the stifle joint?
flexed and abducted from the line of the x-ray beam
With a mediolateral view of the stifle joint, elevation of the tibia ensures what?
superimposition of the two femoral condyles and facilitates a true lateral position
How is the patient placed for a caudocranial view of the stifle joint?
in sternal recumbency
How is the affected limb placed for a caudocranial view of the stifle joint?
pulled into a position of maximum extension
How is the opposite limb positioned for a caudocranial view of the stifle joint?
flexed and elevated out of the way with sponges or sandbags
With a caudocranial view of the stifle joint, elevation of the opposite limb controls what?
the lateral rotation of the stifle joint under examination
With a caudocranial view of the stifle joint, palpation of the femoral condyles and the tibial tuberosity may be helpful to ensure what?
symmetry
The primary beam should centered on what with a caudocranial view of the stifle joint?
on the stifle joint and collimate to include just the stifle joint
How is the patient placed for a caudal cranial view of the stifle joint?
patient lies on its side with the affected limb upper most and extended as far as possible
Where is the cassette placed with a caudal cranial view of the stifle joint?
against the anterior surface of the joint, in contact with the patella and tibial tubercle
With a caudal cranial view of the stifle joint, the horizontal x-ray is directed to the posterior aspect of the joint, so that it does what?
runs parallel to the tibial condyles in the midline and at right angles to the cassette
The skyline projection demonstrates what?
changes that can occur to the patella and the femoral trochlear groove
How is the patient placed for a skyline projection of the patella?
in lateral recumbency with the opposite limb down on the table
With a skyline projection of patella, tape or roll of gauze can be placed around the mid tibia and femur to do what?
hold the stifle joint in a flexed position
With a skyline projection of patella, the stifle should remain how?
horizontal and can be supported on a foam pad
Where is the cassette placed for skyline projection of patella?
behind the stifle joint vertical, and a horizontal x-ray beam is centered to the patella
