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Radiology II > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 standard views for navicular radiographs?

A

Lateral, DP 45, DP 65, Flexor

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2
Q

Which 2 views have multiple methods of achieving the same results?

A

DP 45 and DP 65

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3
Q

Where is the navicular located?

A

Caudal portion of hoof little below the coronary band

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4
Q

For the lateral navicular, how is the x-ray beam positioned?

A

Right angle to cassette

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5
Q

Where should the film identification markers be located for a navicular x-ray?

A

along side and close to the hoof

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6
Q

For the lateral view, why would you have a horse stand on a block of wood?

A

Cassette needs to be lower than sole of hoof

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7
Q

What are 3 ways to encourage the horse to stand weight bearing on the leg of interest?

A

hold up opposite foot, push opposite side, halter signals

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8
Q

For which navicular view must the horse lean forward and may have the machine located under the belly of the horse?

A

Flexor, Skyline

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9
Q

For which navicular views is the cassette protected in a cassette tunnel?

A

Flexor, Skyline, DP 45, and DP 65

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10
Q

Why is it important not to have the horse standing too near the back age of the cassette?

A

Image protects backwards

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11
Q

For a second version of the DP views, the horse is standing on a block of wood and the cassette is positioned where?

A

Behind hoof and angled with leg

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12
Q

For which views of the navicular is it important to label the medial and lateral side of the horses foot?

A

DP 45 and DP 65

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13
Q

If using the location of the x-ray label to indicate the lateral and medial sides of the hoof, then the marker is always placed on which side of the hoof?

A

lateral

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14
Q

What is hip dysplasia?

A

an abnormal formation of the hip socket that can eventually cause crippling lameness and painful arthritis of the joints

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15
Q

How is hip dysplasia diagnosed?

A

physical exam and x-rays

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16
Q

What is often noticed when doing a physical exam on a dog with hip dysplasia?

A

Decreased hip joint range of movement

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17
Q

What are some clinical signs associated with hip dysplasia?

A

May not be lame, wobbly hind limb gate, arching of back, hyperextension of hock

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18
Q

What is the surgery used to correct hip dysplasia called?

A

triple pelvic osteotomy

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19
Q

What happens in a triple pelvic osteotomy?

A

the body of the pelvis is restricted so that the femoral head can be repositioned to fit into the joint capsule better

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20
Q

Which type of dog would not be a good candidate for a triple pelvic osteotomy?

A

Older dogs, arthritic dogs, dogs with lameness

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21
Q

What is the average age at which dogs develop signs of hip dysplasia?

A

adulthood

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22
Q

Occasionally one will see a dog with clinical signs of hip dysplasia as young as what?

A

4 to 12 months

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23
Q

Can dogs develop hip dysplasia as an older adult?

A

yes

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24
Q

How old should a dog be before being certified as hip dysplasia free?

A

2 years

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25
Q

To do a triple pelvic osteotomy on the left hip, what position must the dog be in?

A

right lateral recumbency

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26
Q

In dogs with suggested hip dysplasia, radiographs should be what?

A

taken with the dog sedated and symmetrically positioned

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27
Q

What does the Fetlock joint view include?

A

fetlock joint and proximal sesamoids

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28
Q

What does the 1st phalanx view include?

A

fetlock joint, 1st phalanx, and pastern joint

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29
Q

What do you center on for a 1st phalanx view?

A

1st phalanx

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30
Q

What do you center on for a pastern view?

A

on the joint

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31
Q

What does the 2nd phalanx view include?

A

pastern joint, 2nd phalanx, and coffin joint

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32
Q

What do you center on for a 2nd phalanx view?

A

2nd phalanx

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33
Q

What does the 3rd phalanx view include?

A

coffin joint and 3rd phalanx

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34
Q

What are the views for the fetlock joint radiograph?

A

lateral, flexed lateral, Dorsal palmar, dorsal plantar, oblique ML, oblique LM

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35
Q

How is the foot of the horse positioned for the fetlock lateral radiograph?

A

in a weight bearing position directly under the body

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36
Q

Where is the cassette placed for a fetlock lateral radiograph?

A

on the floor on the medial side of the hoof of interest

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37
Q

What should the FOV include for a fetlock lateral radiograph?

A

the fetlock joint and a small portion of the bones proximal and distal to the joint

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38
Q

Why is flexation done for a fetlock flexed lateral radiograph?

A

to open up joint spaces

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39
Q

Where is the beam centered for a fetlock flexed lateral radiograph?

A

through joint at right angles to cassette

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40
Q

What should the FOV include for a fetlock flexed lateral radiograph?

A

the fetlock joint and a portion of the bones proximal and distal

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41
Q

Where is the cassette placed for a fetlock DP view?

A

as close as possible to fetlock

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42
Q

How is the beam for a fetlock DP view?

A

right angle to cassette

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43
Q

What should the FOV include for a fetlock DP view?

A

entire fetlock joint and a small portion of the bones both proximal and distal to the joint

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44
Q

How is the x-ray tube angled for a fetlock medial and lateral oblique?

A

depending on the oblique view, 30 to 45 degrees to either side of the dorsal midline of the foot

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45
Q

Where is the cassette placed for a fetlock medial and lateral oblique view?

A

on the floor against the palmar of plantar aspect of the foot

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46
Q

What are the views for the 1st phalanx view?

A

lateral, DP, CrCa, AP, Medial Oblique, Lateral Oblique

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47
Q

What should the FOV include for the 1st phalanx lateral view?

A

fetlock joint, 1st phalanx and pastern joint

48
Q

Where is the cassette placed for a 1st phalanx DP view?

A

behind the limb parallel to the phalanges

49
Q

What should the FOV include for the 1st phalanx DP view?

A

fetlock joint, the 1st phalanx and pastern joint

50
Q

What are the views for the pastern joint?

A

lateral, DP, Medial Oblique-LM, Lateral Oblique-ML

51
Q

What are the views for the 2nd phalanx?

A

Lateral, DP, Oblique-ML, Oblique-LM

52
Q

What are the views for the coffin joint?

A

Lateral, DP, Obliques

53
Q

What is the 3rd phalanx also known as?

A

pedal bone or distal phalanx

54
Q

What are the views for 3rd phalanx?

A

Lateral, DP, DP 45

55
Q

What side of the foot is the cassette placed for a 3rd phalanx lateral view?

A

medial

56
Q

What should the FOV include for a 3rd phalanx lateral view?

A

entire hoof centering the 3rd phalanx in the primary beam and center of the cassette

57
Q

Where is the cassette placed for a 3rd phalanx DP view

A

directly behind the foot on the floor or in the cassette groove and half perpendicular to the floor

58
Q

What should the FOV include for a 3rd phalanx DP view?

A

entire hoof

59
Q

Where is the cassette placed for a 3rd phalanx DP 45 view?

A

in a tunnel cassette holder, and the foot of the patient is positioned on top of the tunnel

60
Q

Where should the foot be on the cassette for a 3rd phalanx DP 45 view?

A

center

61
Q

What are the routine views for canine and feline femur radiographs?

A

Lateral and craniocaudal

62
Q

Where is the affected limb placed with a lateral femur radiograph?

A

closest to the cassette

63
Q

How is the opposite limb with a lateral femur radiograph?

A

abducted and rotated out of the line of the x-ray beam

64
Q

How can you alleviate any rotation of the femur in a lateral femur radiograph?

A

place a foam pad under the proximal tibia

65
Q

What is the FOV for a lateral femur radiograph?

A

hip joint, femur, and stifle joint

66
Q

Where is the primary beam on a lateral mediolateral femur radiograph?

A

centered on the femoral shaft

67
Q

Where is the marker placed for a lateral femur radiograph?

A

on the cranial side of the limb of interest

68
Q

Why is it sometimes difficult to position the femur so that it runs parallel to the cassette?

A

because of the structure of the femur

69
Q

The femur NOT running parallel to the cassette can cause what?

A

foreshortening of the limb, altering the true length and shape of the bone

70
Q

What view may require some sedation to achieve proper extension of the femur?

A

craniocaudal or VD extended

71
Q

How is the patient placed for a Craniocaudal view of the femur?

A

Dorsal recumbency

72
Q

What do you do with the limb of interest for a craniocaudal view of the femur?

A

extend is caudally so that the femur is parallel to the table

73
Q

With the craniocaudal view of the femur increased OFD causes what?

A

magnification and a decrease in detail

74
Q

With the craniocaudal view of the femur, slight abduction of the affected limb does what?

A

eliminates superimposition of the proximal femur over the tuber ischium

75
Q

Where should the patella be for a craniocaudal view of the femur?

A

between the two femoral condyles

76
Q

what should the FOV include for a craniocaudal view of the femur?

A

hip joint, femur and stifle joint

77
Q

Where is the marker placed for a craniocaudal view of the femur?

A

lateral side of the limb

78
Q

How is the patient positioned for a cross-table horizontal beam view?

A

in lateral recumbency with the limb to be imaged nondependent

79
Q

Where is the cassette placed for a cross-table horizontal beam view?

A

caudal to the limb and perpendicular to the table

80
Q

In a cross-table horizontal beam view, bring the tube head down toward the table, and angle the primary beam how?

A

perpendicular to the femur

81
Q

Where should the primary beam enter for a cross-table horizontal beam view?

A

on the femoral shaft

82
Q

What are the views for canine and feline tarsus radiographs?

A

lateral and plantardorsal

83
Q

What is an alternate view for canine and feline tarsus radiographs?

A

dorsoplantar

84
Q

How is the patient placed for a medial to lateral view of the tarsus?

A

in lateral recumbency with the affected limb closest to the cassette in a natural, slightly flexed position and centered to the cassette

85
Q

With a lateral view of the tarsus, a sponge or foam wedge can be used under the tarsus to achieve what?

A

an exact mediolateral position and to eliminate any rotation of the limb

86
Q

Where should the primary beam be for a lateral view of the tarsus?

A

centered on the tarsal joint and collimate to include only the joint and marker

87
Q

How is the patient placed for a plantar dorsal view of the tarsus?

A

in sternal recumbency with the affected limb extended caudally

88
Q

With a plantar dorsal view of the tarsus, foam wedges under the flexed unaffected limb to assist with what?

A

positioning

89
Q

With the plantar dorsal view of the tarsus, foam blocks can be placed under the caudal abdomen and pelvic region for what?

A

patient comfort and to control rotation of the tarsus

90
Q

With the plantar dorsal view of the tarsus, a foam wedge should be placed under the stifle joint to achieve what?

A

maximum extension of the tarsus

91
Q

What should the primary beam be on a plantar dorsal view of the tarsus?

A

centered on the tarsal joint

92
Q

How is the patient placed for a antero-posterior view of the tarsus?

A

lateral recumbency with affected leg uppermost

93
Q

How is the cassette placed for a antero-posterior view of the tarsus?

A

vertically against the plantar aspect of the foot with the tarsus in the middle of the film

94
Q

The dorsoplantar view of the tarsus may be easier to do what?

A

facilitate when an animal resists caudal extension of the hind limb

95
Q

How is the patient placed for a dorsoplantar view of the tarsus?

A

in sternal recumbency with the affected limb extended cranially alongside the body

96
Q

With a dorsoplantar view of the tarsus, the limb should be slightly abducted from the body wall to prevent what?

A

any superimposition of stomach or front leg over the tarsus

97
Q

A true dorsoplantar position is ensured by doing what?

A

rotating the stifle medially in order to center the patella between the femoral condyles

98
Q

What are the standard views for the canine and feline stifle joint radiographs?

A

medial lateral, caudocranial

99
Q

What are some additional views of the canine and feline stifle joint radiographs?

A

Craniocaudal and skyline projection of patella

100
Q

How is the patient placed for a mediolateral view of the stifle joint?

A

in lateral recumbency with the limb of interest closest to the table and the stifle joint centered on the cassette

101
Q

How is the opposite limb positioned for a mediolateral view of the stifle joint?

A

flexed and abducted from the line of the x-ray beam

102
Q

With a mediolateral view of the stifle joint, elevation of the tibia ensures what?

A

superimposition of the two femoral condyles and facilitates a true lateral position

103
Q

How is the patient placed for a caudocranial view of the stifle joint?

A

in sternal recumbency

104
Q

How is the affected limb placed for a caudocranial view of the stifle joint?

A

pulled into a position of maximum extension

105
Q

How is the opposite limb positioned for a caudocranial view of the stifle joint?

A

flexed and elevated out of the way with sponges or sandbags

106
Q

With a caudocranial view of the stifle joint, elevation of the opposite limb controls what?

A

the lateral rotation of the stifle joint under examination

107
Q

With a caudocranial view of the stifle joint, palpation of the femoral condyles and the tibial tuberosity may be helpful to ensure what?

A

symmetry

108
Q

The primary beam should centered on what with a caudocranial view of the stifle joint?

A

on the stifle joint and collimate to include just the stifle joint

109
Q

How is the patient placed for a caudal cranial view of the stifle joint?

A

patient lies on its side with the affected limb upper most and extended as far as possible

110
Q

Where is the cassette placed with a caudal cranial view of the stifle joint?

A

against the anterior surface of the joint, in contact with the patella and tibial tubercle

111
Q

With a caudal cranial view of the stifle joint, the horizontal x-ray is directed to the posterior aspect of the joint, so that it does what?

A

runs parallel to the tibial condyles in the midline and at right angles to the cassette

112
Q

The skyline projection demonstrates what?

A

changes that can occur to the patella and the femoral trochlear groove

113
Q

How is the patient placed for a skyline projection of the patella?

A

in lateral recumbency with the opposite limb down on the table

114
Q

With a skyline projection of patella, tape or roll of gauze can be placed around the mid tibia and femur to do what?

A

hold the stifle joint in a flexed position

115
Q

With a skyline projection of patella, the stifle should remain how?

A

horizontal and can be supported on a foam pad

116
Q

Where is the cassette placed for skyline projection of patella?

A

behind the stifle joint vertical, and a horizontal x-ray beam is centered to the patella

Radiology II (8 decks)

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