Final Flashcards
Which pelvis view will require the greatest increase in technique?
Double Lateral
Which VD view of the pelvis is best for trauma cases because you do not have to apply as much pull to the legs?
Frog leg
For which pelvis view must you rotate the femurs so that the patellas are centered?
VD extended
A pelvis view is much underexposed. What technique change is needed?
Double the mAs
When doing an OFA hip dysplasia study, which other study is often performed?
flexed lateral elbow comparisons
Is hip laxity is associated with hip dysplasia?
yes
Which view of the pelvis requires increasing 6-8 kvp over what canine extremity technique chart indicates?
Double lateral
When manually developing radiographs, the temperature of which tank is most critical when determining the length of time to develop the film?
developer
Over developing a radiograph will cause what?
increased radiographic density with poor contrast
A radiograph that initially looks fine but with time becomes faded and brown is the result of what?
too little time in the final wash
Control of bacterial, fungal and algal growth in hand-processing tanks is accomplished by cleaning the tanks with what?
1% chlorine bleach
Where in the developing process are the sensitized silver bromide and halide crystals changed into black metallic silver?
developer
Where in the developing process are the unexposed silver halide crystals cleared from the films emulsion?
fix
What mistake in the darkroom might be the cause of an exposed radiograph to be “clear” after the developing process is complete?
emerging the film into the fix tank first
Where in the darkroom are the cassettes loaded and unloaded?
dry bench
A lateral view of the 3rd phalanx is made with the x-ray beam positioned?
parallel to the ground and perpendicular to the cassette
What device can be used to protect the assistant during a lateral view of the distal phalanx?
wood block with slot to hold cassette and a cassette holder with a clamp and long handle
You are preparing to take an x-ray of a rat. The machine does not have a “rat” technique chart. What machine settings should you use?
Use the ferret technique chart
Which of the following femur views would be considered an additional or alternative view rather than a routine view?
Cross table horizontal beam
When taking a posterior-anterior view of the femur, because of the structure of the femur, it is sometimes difficult to position the femur so that it runs parallel to the cassette. The femur NOT running parallel can cause foreshortening of the limb, altering the true length and she of the bone? True or false
True
For the lateral view of the femur a foam pad can be placed under the proximal tibia to alleviate any rotation of the femur? True or false
true
For the femur radiograph collimate the field of view to include the hip joint, femur and stifle joint. true or false?
true
For the Palmaroproximal-dorsodistal (flexor skyline) projection of the distal sesamoid the x-ray machine is angled approximately?
65 degrees, positioned in front of the foot of interest, centered just above the coronary band
Which view of the Navicular bone will have the least amount of distortion due to machine positioning?
Lateromedial projection
When taking the lateral view of the Navicular bone, the lower edge of the cassette should be positioned?
an inch of so lower than the sole of the hoof
When positioning for a Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal (upright pedal) view of the Navicular bone the primary beam runs how?
parallel to the floor
What are the 4 routine views needed to study the distal sesamoids?
Dorso-palmar 45 and Dorso-palmar 65, Flexor, and Lateral
Which view is taken with the horse standing on the cassette and the beam enters from the posterior side of the horses leg?
flexor
A lateral view of the navicular is made with the beam how?
parallel to the ground and perpendicular to the cassette
For a left lateral avian view, the left wing and limb are positioned caudally to the right wing and leg. True or false?
false
When preparing to perform a navicular study of a horse with shoes?
with permission, remove the shoe, clean and pack the hoof
Which view of the navicular requires that the horse lean forward to stretch the leg out away from the navicular?
Flexor
Which view of the navicular has 3 different methods that may be used for positioning?
Dorso palmer
In order to prevent an air artifact superimposed over the area of interest when radiographing the equine foot, which of the following materials works the best to pack the sole of the hoof with?
play-doh
What are the 2 standard views for the canine or feline stifle?
Mediolateral and caudocranial
Which canine/feline stifle views may be taken utilizing a horizontal x-ray beam?
sunrise and caudal cranial
What type of tap is NOT acceptable to use across the beak of a bird if the head is in the path of the beam?
adhesive tape
For a tarsal radiograph the field of view will include the entire radius and ulna, tarsus and metatarsals. True or false?
false
For the plantar dorsal view of the tarsus, the patient is placed in what recumbency with the affected limb extended caudally?
sternal
Some rabbits can be momentarily “hypnotized” by doing what?
covering the eyes and stroking the ventral midline
What oxygen flow rate is used with a 3-gallon chamber?
3000ml/min
When using a chamber for induction the patient is placed in the chamber and given straight oxygen for how long?
5 minutes
When using chamber induction and isoflurane, you start the anesthetic at what?
0.5% and then increased by 0.5% every 30 seconds
What is the maximum setting that should be used with isoflurane when using a chamber?
4%
When evaluating the depth of anesthesia in the rat or other small mammal, you need to take the resp. rate while the patient is on straight oxygen, as soon as they are unconscious and every few minutes during the procedure. True or false?
true
During recovery the rat or other small mammal should be placed how?
in the oxygen chamber until able to walk
To aid in obtaining a diagnostic radiograph, the horse must be standing squarely. True or false?
true
Removing the horse shoe is important when imaging through the fetlock joint utilizing a lateral view. True or false?
false
Proper foot preparation including packing the sole of the hoof is important when imaging through the fetlock joint utilizing a lateral medial view. True or false?
false
The cassette used for equine radiographs should not be handheld during exposure. True or false?
true
The distal phalanx could also be referred to as what?
3rd phalanx
For which study does the hood need to be cleaned and packed with a radiolucent material?
Dorsopalmar (AP, CrCa) view of the coffin and Navicular bones
When working in radiology, remember to always wear what?
lab jacket, lead apron, and lead gloves
Film badges are normally worn where?
on top of the lead apron at the neck area
AAHA recommends that minors and owners do NOT assist with radiographs, true or false?
true
When using film badges as the dosimeter, how often should the badges be changed?
depends on the number of x-rays taken
What is the name of the device used to measure radiation exposure to personnel?
dosimeter
For a whole body study of the rat or guinea pig the measurement with the caliper is taken where?
over the widest part of the patient being x-rayed and read in centimeters
For a rat or guinea pig whole body study, dorsoventral view using the vertical beam, one method of restraint is to place the patient in a light weight cardboard box and place the box on the cassette to take the radiograph. True or false?
true
For the DV view of the guinea pig, both the left and right side of the guinea pig should be identified. True or false?
true
For the comfort of the patient, which view should be performed utilizing a horizontal beam?
lateral
Magnification and distortion can be reduced by keeping the object to film distance as small as possible. True or false?
true
When utilizing a horizontal beam, the x-ray beam and patient should be centered on the cassette. True or false?
true
A positive contrast agent such as barium will cause the are of interest to appear radiolucent. True or false?
false
Elements with a high atomic number absorb more x-rays, fewer x-rays penetrate the patient and expose the film, making an area on the film appear white. True or false?
true
Important reasons for taking a survey radiograph before performing the contrast study include what?
Determine proper exposure techniques, adequate patient preparation, and achieve a diagnosis and eliminate the need for contrast study
Which contrast agent can be infused into hollow organs or injected IV?
Gastrografin
Overinflation of organs such as the urinary bladder with negative-contrast agents can lead to what?
Air embolism or rupture
For a LGI study, barium is administered orally to ensure it goes through the stomach. True or false?
False
Barium is the positive contrast agent used most commonly for a study of the large intestine. True or false?
true
The contrast agent for LGI series is administered via an enema or orally depending on the contrast agent that is used. True or false?
false
What survey radiographs are taken for a barium enema study?
VD and Lateral
Why is it recommended to administer the barium as an enema rather than orally for a LGI study?
Oral administration of barium will not provide adequate distention of the colon
What is NOT used as a contrast agent for a LGI study?
food mixed with barium
What is done to prevent leakage of barium when performing a LGI study?
Inflate cuff on the enema tip
When 3/4 of the total calculated dose of barium is administered, a radiograph is taken. What is evaluated?
proper and complete distention of the colon
How should the patient be centered and positioned on the film for a LGI?
Center on the last rib
Which sign may lead to the veterinarian requesting a LGI study?
Diarrhea or fresh blood in feces
Iodine based contrast agents may do what?
cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
You can dilute water based iodides prior to oral administration, to help prevent dehydration. True or false?
true
What product is used as a contrast agent for a positive study of the GI tract?
Barium
What suspected condition might be a contraindication for using barium as the contrast agent?
Perforation or rupture
A Esophagography is the study of the what?
Esophagus
A Gastrography is the study of the what?
stomach
An UGI is the study of the what?
small intestine
An LGI is the study of the what?
large intestine
The route of administration for the contrast agent when performing an Large intestine study in a dog or cat is IV. True or false?
false
When air is used as the contrast agent, a positive contrast study, is being performed. True or false?
false
Which product is most commonly used as the contrast agent for a negative study of the stomach?
Air
If all goes well and the x-rays are fine the first time, what is the minimum number of survey radiographs to take with a Gastrography study?
2
For a Gastrography, after administering the contrast agent through a stomach tube, the stomach tube is removed before taking the radiographs. True or false?
true
When determining the length of stomach tube to use, measure from the tip of the nose to where?
9-13th rib
Which technique chart would be used for a Gastrography of a dog whose abdomen measures 16cm?
Abdomen, with a grid
What is the time sequence for a Gastrography study of a cat?
immediate
Which tranquilizer/sedative can be used on dogs and cats without taking them off food first?
Acepromazine
Some clinicians dilute radiopaque iodines prior to oral administration to help prevent dehydration. True or false?
true
What are some reasons for performing a gastro-intestinal study?
vomiting, diarrhea, suspected foreign body, trauma
Some clinicians dilute barium prior to oral administration to help prevent dehydration. True or false?
false
What is the more common problem when performing a contrast study of the stomach and small intestine?
Using too little contrast agent
Pearling of the small intestine is normal and more commonly seen in what animal?
cats
Barium sulfate powder can do what?
precipitate out in the small intestine
Depending on the study being performed, Barium sulfate is commonly diluted with what?
tap water
Which animal has the longer small intestinal transit time?
adult dog
What is the time sequence for a UGI in a cat?
0 min, 15 min, 30 min, then every 30 min until agent reaches colon
What is the time sequence for a UGI in a dog?
0 min, 15 min, 30 min, then hourly until agent reaches colon
Medications that do not greatly affect gastrointestinal motility include what?
acepromazine
When looking at the automatic processor, which of the 3 knobs drains the developer from the developer tank?
far right
How do you know when the auto processor is at the correct temperature to start developing film?
The ready button lights up
A method of filling the tanks with chemicals that also serves the purpose of cleaning the rollers is what?
run a film through the machine
When performing a Urography you should do what?
use a grid as long as the time setting is not excessive
Which survey radiographs are needed for the kidney study?
Lateral and VD
What equipment and supplies are needed for the Urogram?
IV catheter, Kidney pan, Antiseptic solution, Syringe
How often should chemicals be changed in the auto processor?
monthly
Which contrast agent requires high kvp settings for a better contrast?
barium sulfate
What positive contrast agent can be utilized for a Cystogram?
radiopaque iodine
A pneumocystogram uses which contrast agent?
air
Which piece of equipment is not needed for a cystogram?
oral speculum
A double cystogram utilizes which contrast agents?
iodine and air
For an Esophagography, the contrast agent is administered how?
orally in the buccal pouch
For an Esophagography we can stop taking x-rays when?
the entire esophagus is outlined in barium and barium has reached the stomach
Which view of the Esophagus will often have the esophagus superimposed over the cervical vertebrae?
VD
What supplies are not needed for an Esophagography?
needle and syringe
When performing a urography, the contrast agent is administered how?
IV
An IVP study is a study of which organ?
kidney
KVP settings for a kidney study should be kept above 70 KVP to avoid excessive penetration and the contrast median not showing up. True or false?
false
What contrast agent is used for an IVP?
water-soluble organic iodide
How is the contrast agent administered for an IVP?
IV catheter
What is the primary purpose of the compression band during an IVP?
compress the ureters and concentrate contrast agent in the kidney
What is the purpose of the VD oblique radiographs taken after the compression band is removed for an IVP?
view the ureters
Enemas may be necessary when radiographing the lumbosacral vertebrae. True or false?
true
When imaging any joint, be sure the joint is in the center of the primary beam, then collimate. True or false?
true
A ML projection of the elbow would have the x-ray beam entering the lateral side of the leg and exiting the medial side of the leg with the patient lying with the limb of interest next to the cassette. True or false?
false
When radiographing a canine pelvis, which technique chart is usually used?
canine extremity
