Test 1 Flashcards
Wear and Tear
body parts wear out with use and stop functioning
3 programmed theories
programmed longevity, endocrine theory, immunology theory
programmed longevity
switching on and off of genes
endocrine theory
hormones control the pace of aging
immunology theory
immunity declines over time
general imbalance theories
brain, endocrine and immune systems fail to function appropriately. Communication is not efficient and body is more susceptible to disease
accumulation theories
accumulation of elements that interfere with proper cell function
5 cellular changes that come with age
1) intracellular water decreases
2) change in glycogen storage
3) Fatty infiltration
4) connective tissue infiltration
5) Fewer mitochondria
2 psychological theories of aging
1) disengagement theory
2) active theory
disengagement theory
some relationships between seniors and society are severed and the remaining ones are altered. seniors slowly withdraw by retiring which is expected by society
active theory
society expects all people to be active, energetic and industrial so seniors find other activities to fill in for “work”
Ageism
like racism but for aging - we have to be careful not to assume anything about seniors
what is the scientist perception of aging?
disease, decline and degeneration - measurable variables go down (vow max, height, bone density, physical function etc.)
What are Blue Zones?
areas in the world where people commonly live past 100 years
how many blue zones are there?
5
What are the reasons Dan buettner explains for the longevity of those in the blue zones?
closeness of family, don’t smoke, constant moderate physical activity, socially engaged, eat a lot of legumes, strategies to keep themselves from over eating, gardening, prayer and sense of purpose
exercise and physical activity are used to decrease the risk of chronic illness in the first place, and then to treat chronic illness and improve function as much as possible to maintain ________ and ________ to aid in successful aging
quality of life and independence
gerontology
the study of aging
aging
the process or group of processes occurring in living organisms that, with the passage of time, lead to a loss of adaptability, functional impairment and death
Middle Age, Young Age, Old, Oldest Old
middle age - 50s
young age - 60s
old - 70s
oldest old - 80s
Primary aging
universal changes with age within a species or population that are independent of disease or environmental influence (how your body ages regardless of chronic disease history etc.)
secondary aging
clinical symptoms which include the effects of the environment disease
life span
the maximum length of time we can live under ideal conditions
what is the human lifespan?
110-120 years
Life Expectancy
the number of years we are expected to live at any given age
What is the average life expectancy for males? females?
79 for males, 83 for females
average life expectancy for males and females in Manitoba
males = 77 females = 82
Morbidity
the condition in which an individual is so physically or mentally disabled by chronic disease s/he becomes immobile and dependent on the care of others (means your sick)
Mortality
death rate (means your dead)
compression of morbidity
shortening the period of time an individual lives in a state of morbidity
6 measures of age?
1) chronological
2) functional
3) biological
4) relative
5) psychological
6) Social
5 reasons we live longer now
1) control of major communicable diseases
2) improved public sanitation and public health
3) decrease in child mortality
4) cardiovascular and cancer treatments improved (decrease in premature deaths)
5) increased knowledge and health practices including physical activity
_________ are the largest healthcare problems we face
degenerative diseases
Jan Montagues 5 classifications of senior functioning
1) physically dependent
2) physically frail
3) physically independent
4) physically fit
5) physically elite
7 dimensions of health
physical, social, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, vocational and environmental
by definition, active living includes what?
formal exercise program, leisure time pursuits, recreational activities, competitive sport participation, domestic activity, paid physical labour
5 most popular physical activities for older adults
1) walking
2) cycling
3) gardening
4) Golf (men)
5) Aerobics (women)
What does exercise gerontology deal with?
understanding issues of everyday living such as: how and why people spend leisure time the way they do and why certain individuals and cultures call physical activity, exercise and sport more than others
what are the problems with doing research on seniors
1) limited accessibility of subjects
2) small samples/high dropout/illness/death
3) using highly motivated and active subjects (non-representative)
4) protocol and cost
8 ways of measuring activity levels
1) self report
2) survey
3) pedometers/accelerometers
4) heart rate monitors
5) doubly labeled water
6) direct observation
7) VO2Max
8) Fit bits etc.
tests that are typically done to test activity levels
endurance (1 mile walk), balance (one foot stand), muscle endurance (how many reps in 30sec), flexibility, body composition
PASE
physical activity scale for the Elderly
