Test 1 Flashcards
Define metabolism. Include the two major components.
Breaking bonds to create energy
Catabolism - breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules releasing energy
Anabolism - formation of large molecules from small molecules with an input of energy
Define nutrient
Any chemical element of compound in the diet.
Recognize the following: amino acids, carbohydrates, an fatty acids.
Amino acid
H
l
H - N - C - C =O
l l \
H [ ] OH
Glucose/ carbohydrate
Stick man with a right arm a left arm the two right arms
Fatty acid
?
Recognize peptide bond.
Links two amino acids together
A/A - A/A
Name two A/A structure
Lysine
Proline
Valine
List two dietary sources of nitrogen. Importance?
Alfalfa, meat, seafood
Needs nitrogen to make proteins
How is excessive nitrogen eliminated? Why?
Excessive nitrogen eliminated through urea because it elevates blood pH
Why are minerals and vitamins important in a diet?
Vitamin - co enzyme
Mineral - co factor
They both activate proteins.
Define lipid. Differ between the two types.
Lipid = fatty acid + glycerol
Saturated and unsaturated
Unsaturated has double bond which forms liquid
Differ between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
Saturated - fats (solids)
Unsaturated - oils (liquids)
Differ between essential and non essential fatty acids.
Non essential - you can make it
Essential - you can’t make it
What is the difference between wax and fat?
Waxes are fatty acid + alcohol
Define triacyl (as in triacylglycerides).
Triacyl - ester linkage between glycerol and fatty acid. Is a lipid.
List 3 types of lipids.
Fats, oils, waxes
Give one example of a fibrous polysaccharide and two examples of non fibrous polysaccharide.
Fibrous polysaccharide - cellulose
Non fibrous poly - starch, glycogen
Give two examples of monosaccharides, an two examples of disaccharides.
Mono - glucose, fructose, galactose
Di - lactose, sucrose
List the two types of vitamins based on solubility with examples.
A
Define pelt free and offal.
Offal - inedible parts, lungs, heart, liver, intestinal tract, reproductive organs
Describe the concerns between increased population and land use for crop production.
A
What is the major problem in feed sampling?
Difficult to get a sample that can represent all of the feed
Define silage
Chopped up green corn, high in moisture
Define volatiles
Low boiling point, when heated will evaporate
Define ash
What is left after burning, calcium/bones
How is a moisture free sample obtained?
Obtained by heating 220 F
Water and volatiles are lost
How is the measured amount of N converted to crude protein?
Value of N x 6.25
How accurate is the crude protein analysis?
Not very accurate, a rough estimate
Define the term “ether extraction”
Removal of lipids
What is the relative energy content of the ether extract?
2.25 more energy in lipids
How accurate is the energy value for the ether extract?
Depends on the lipid content of the feed
Differ between fat soluble vitamins and provitamins
A
How important is the crude fiber value?
A
Repeat chart on page 19
A
How are lipids and A/A metabolized (used for energy) in the diet?
A
What is urea?
Excreted Nitrogen
Define ensilage.
Chopped green grass
Define calorie (cal)
Amount of energy needed to raise 1 g water to 1 degree C
Define Kcal
Thousand calories, food calorie
1500 - 2000 calories per day for human
Define Mcal
A
Define NFE.
Nitrogen- Free Extract
Difference between original sample weight and sun of weights of water, ether extract, crude protein, crude fiber, and ash.
Bomb calorimeter
Used to determine energy values of solids, liquids, or gases. Measured by energy needed to increase temperature of water.
Forages
Primary feeds for all herbivorous animals. Ie. hays, silage
