Ch 8 & 9 Flashcards
Define compound lipid
Phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins
Define lipid
Fats, oils, waxes
Define derived lipids
Derived by hydrolysis
Fatty acids, glycerol, other alcohols
Describe the structure of a lipid (TAG)
Tri acyl glyceride C - OH ~~~~~~~ I C - OH ~~~~~~~ I C - OH ~~~~~~~
What does the designation C 18:2 mean?
Number of carbons: number of double bonds
What is an omega fatty acid?
Contain linolenic acid, eicosapentaenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid
18:3 20:5 22:6
Differ between CIS an trans fatty acids. Which is more harmful and why?
CIS has kink
Trans is linear
Bad because the linear shape causes plaque to form in arteries
Name 2 modified lipids. Include general structure and function.
Add a phosphate - phospholipid
Add a carb - glycolipid
Add a protein - lipoprotein
What does the saponification number indicate? Iodine number?
Saponification number - number of mg of KOH required for the hydrolysis of 1 g of fat
Iodine number - number of gams of iodine that can be added to the unsaturated bonds in 100 g of fat.
Define and give examples of essential fatty acids.
Acids your body does not make on its own, must be in diet
Linoleic acid and linolenic acid
Describe the structure and function of a micelle
Contain fat soluble vitamins, increase absorption
Describe the absorption of lipids
Upper small intestine then enters the eps or lymphatic system
Define lipoprotein. List 3 examples.
A protein and a lipid together.
VLDL, LDL, HDL
What is the main concern about cholesterol and it’s protein carrier?
A
What does table 8.6 indicate between the relationship of dietary fat and animal fat composition?
18:0 is most efficient
Define turnover rate. What is it for lipids?
A
How does the term beta oxidation relate to lipids?
A
List the general steps in lipid metabolism
- Dehydrogenase
- Hydrase
- Oxidation
- Removal of coA
List the ketone bodies
Acetone, acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate
How does obesity relate to the number and size of adipose cells?
Number stays the same, size increases
How does the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fat (M+P)/S relate to plasma cholesterol?
A
Describe the basic structure of an amino acid.
H H
I I
H - N - C - C = O
I I OH
[ ]List the categories of A/As.
Aliphatic amino acid, alanine Aromatic, phenyl alanine Sulfur containing, cystine Heterocyclic, proline Acidic, aspartic acid Basic, lysine
Describe the basic structures of a protein
Primary, secondary, teritiary
Explain denaturization.
Changes shape, loses function due to temp change or pH change
How can proteins be modified?
By adding carbs - glycoprotein
Add lipid - lipoprotein or sulfur
Differ between D and L forms of an amino acid.
When alpha C has 4 different groups
L naturally occurring enzyme fits can be metabolized
D synthetic enzyme doesn’t fit cannot be metabolized
Define nutritional value.
Higher the digestible value, higher the digestibility and energy. Balance of essential amino acids.
List 3 sites for A/A synthesis.
From diet, endogenous, microbs
What are the main products of A/A digestion?
NH3, S, VFA
Describe the two processes involved in protein synthesis.
Transfer of information and translation of messenger RNA
Define deamination and transmination
Deamination - removal of the amino group, entrance of amino group into the urea cycle.
Transamination - transfer of amino group to the carbon skeleton of a keto acid.
Describe the urea cycle.
Carbornyl phosphate - ornithine - citroline - arginine - urea
Name 3 specific A/A deficiencies and an associated disease.
Tryptophan - eye cataracts
Threonine - fatty liver
Lysine - birds abnormal feathering
List 4 NPN sources
Urea, A/A, peptides, amines, nucleic acids
Can urea be used as a nitrogen source in non ruminants? Explain.
No, no urease to metabolize urea
Describe the normal protein metabolic pathway for ruminants.
Protein - NH3 - urea - saliva - rumen - A/A synthesis
Define amino acid toxicity and amino acid imbalance.
When the levels exceed the animals ability to metabolize. Toxicity large amount. Imbalance small amount.
Define biological value. Give the formula.
Amount of Nitrogen absorbed.
N intake - [fecal N + urinary N] / N intake - fecal N
X 100
What does NPU stand for? Give an example.
Net protein utilization. Measures efficiency of growth.
