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Human & Animal Nutrition > Ch 8 & 9 > Flashcards

Ch 8 & 9 Flashcards

0
Q

Define compound lipid

A

Phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins

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1
Q

Define lipid

A

Fats, oils, waxes

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2
Q

Define derived lipids

A

Derived by hydrolysis

Fatty acids, glycerol, other alcohols

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3
Q

Describe the structure of a lipid (TAG)

A 
Tri acyl glyceride
C - OH ~~~~~~~
 I
C - OH ~~~~~~~
 I
C - OH ~~~~~~~
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4
Q

What does the designation C 18:2 mean?

A

Number of carbons: number of double bonds

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5
Q

What is an omega fatty acid?

A

Contain linolenic acid, eicosapentaenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid
18:3 20:5 22:6

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6
Q

Differ between CIS an trans fatty acids. Which is more harmful and why?

A

CIS has kink
Trans is linear
Bad because the linear shape causes plaque to form in arteries

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7
Q

Name 2 modified lipids. Include general structure and function.

A

Add a phosphate - phospholipid
Add a carb - glycolipid
Add a protein - lipoprotein

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8
Q

What does the saponification number indicate? Iodine number?

A

Saponification number - number of mg of KOH required for the hydrolysis of 1 g of fat
Iodine number - number of gams of iodine that can be added to the unsaturated bonds in 100 g of fat.

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9
Q

Define and give examples of essential fatty acids.

A

Acids your body does not make on its own, must be in diet

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid

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10
Q

Describe the structure and function of a micelle

A

Contain fat soluble vitamins, increase absorption

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11
Q

Describe the absorption of lipids

A

Upper small intestine then enters the eps or lymphatic system

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12
Q

Define lipoprotein. List 3 examples.

A

A protein and a lipid together.

VLDL, LDL, HDL

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13
Q

What is the main concern about cholesterol and it’s protein carrier?

A

A

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14
Q

What does table 8.6 indicate between the relationship of dietary fat and animal fat composition?

A

18:0 is most efficient

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15
Q

Define turnover rate. What is it for lipids?

A

A

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16
Q

How does the term beta oxidation relate to lipids?

A

A

17
Q

List the general steps in lipid metabolism

A
  1. Dehydrogenase
  2. Hydrase
  3. Oxidation
  4. Removal of coA
18
Q

List the ketone bodies

A

Acetone, acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate

19
Q

How does obesity relate to the number and size of adipose cells?

A

Number stays the same, size increases

20
Q

How does the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fat (M+P)/S relate to plasma cholesterol?

A

A

21
Q

Describe the basic structure of an amino acid.

A 
H    H
       I     I
H - N - C - C = O
             I      I OH
            [  ]
22
Q

List the categories of A/As.

A 
Aliphatic amino acid, alanine
Aromatic, phenyl alanine
Sulfur containing, cystine
Heterocyclic, proline
Acidic, aspartic acid
Basic, lysine
23
Q

Describe the basic structures of a protein

A

Primary, secondary, teritiary

24
Q

Explain denaturization.

A

Changes shape, loses function due to temp change or pH change

25
Q

How can proteins be modified?

A

By adding carbs - glycoprotein

Add lipid - lipoprotein or sulfur

26
Q

Differ between D and L forms of an amino acid.

A

When alpha C has 4 different groups
L naturally occurring enzyme fits can be metabolized
D synthetic enzyme doesn’t fit cannot be metabolized

27
Q

Define nutritional value.

A

Higher the digestible value, higher the digestibility and energy. Balance of essential amino acids.

28
Q

List 3 sites for A/A synthesis.

A

From diet, endogenous, microbs

29
Q

What are the main products of A/A digestion?

A

NH3, S, VFA

30
Q

Describe the two processes involved in protein synthesis.

A

Transfer of information and translation of messenger RNA

31
Q

Define deamination and transmination

A

Deamination - removal of the amino group, entrance of amino group into the urea cycle.
Transamination - transfer of amino group to the carbon skeleton of a keto acid.

32
Q

Describe the urea cycle.

A

Carbornyl phosphate - ornithine - citroline - arginine - urea

33
Q

Name 3 specific A/A deficiencies and an associated disease.

A

Tryptophan - eye cataracts
Threonine - fatty liver
Lysine - birds abnormal feathering

34
Q

List 4 NPN sources

A

Urea, A/A, peptides, amines, nucleic acids

35
Q

Can urea be used as a nitrogen source in non ruminants? Explain.

A

No, no urease to metabolize urea

36
Q

Describe the normal protein metabolic pathway for ruminants.

A

Protein - NH3 - urea - saliva - rumen - A/A synthesis

37
Q

Define amino acid toxicity and amino acid imbalance.

A

When the levels exceed the animals ability to metabolize. Toxicity large amount. Imbalance small amount.

38
Q

Define biological value. Give the formula.

A

Amount of Nitrogen absorbed.

N intake - [fecal N + urinary N] / N intake - fecal N

X 100

39
Q

What does NPU stand for? Give an example.

A

Net protein utilization. Measures efficiency of growth.

Human & Animal Nutrition (7 decks)

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