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Human & Animal Nutrition > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

0
Q

What affects zinc absorption?

A

Raised Ca and raised phytate reduce Zn absorption

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1
Q

Describe a function for zinc.

A

To make carbonic acid -> buffer, dephosphorylation, bone and cartilage formation

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2
Q

What is the most obvious sign for zinc deficiency?

A

Growth retardation

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3
Q

Describe the association of iron with the porphyrin ring and the cytochromes.

A

Hem = Fe + porphyrin ring

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4
Q

Why isn’t much iron required in the diet as compared to other trace elements?

A

Body recycles it

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5
Q

What is the most common sign of iron deficiency? Why?

A

Microcytic, hypo chronic anemia

Smaller RBC, paler RBC

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6
Q

How is copper related to iron?

A

Ceruloplasmin Fe 2+ -> Fe 3+ iron for transport

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7
Q

How is copper related to the CNS?

A

Myelination

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8
Q

How does the term cofactors relate to trace elements?

A

A

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9
Q

Why does the list of trace elements continue to grow?

A

Better detection, smaller levels ie. Nano pico etc

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10
Q

List 5 trace elements.

A

Lead, nickel, tin, iron, aluminum

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11
Q

List 2 analytical detection methods.

A

Neutron activation, spark source spectrometry

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12
Q

Why is cobalt important?

A

Stimulation of RBCs, cofactor vitamin B12

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13
Q

What is the critical level of cobalt in ruminants?

A

.07 to .11 ppm (minimum level)

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14
Q

What is the importance of iodine? Start with the A/A tyrosine in your answer.

A

Aiding is bound to tyrosine and makes thyroid hormone

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15
Q

Define goitrogenic.

A

Inhibits uptake of iodine, stimulates formation of a goiter

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16
Q

What level of copper is associated with abnormal hematopoesis?

A

A

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17
Q

Where is manganese utilized?

A

Chondroiton sulfate production, stimulates synthesis of cholesterol

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18
Q

How is selenium related to lipid metabolism?

A

Prevents peroxide formation during lipid metabolism (oxidation)

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19
Q

List a deficiency for selenium.

A

Nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD), liver necrosis

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20
Q

What is the most and least tolerant dietary element? What is the concentration?

A

Most - chromium (3000 ppm)

Least - silicon (.2%)

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21
Q

What are three sources of lead? Anything modern?

A

Old paint, toys from China, old pipe joints

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22
Q

How can lead be diagnosed on a blood smear?

A

Basophilic stipling, blue dots in RBCs

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23
Q

Why is Mercury toxic?

A

Accumulates in lysosomes, causes rupture, causes hydrolytic enzyme release (offset by selenium)

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24
Q

What does fluorine prevent?

A

Dental caries

25
Q

What is a source of fluorine?

A

Steel manufacturing, rocks

26
Q

What is considered a safe level for fluorine? Toxic?

A

1 ppm safe, 2 ppm not safe, 8 ppm bone deformation, 110 ppm growth retardation

27
Q

What does fluorine block?

A

Protein synthesis of bacteria in oral cavity

28
Q

List 2 examples of potent toxins. Location?

A

Molybdenum - soil

Cadmium - batteries

29
Q

How does vitamin a function? Source?

A

2 beta carotene units, yellow foods

30
Q

What is the relationship between IU and mass?

A

IU measures biological activity, different for each vitamin

31
Q

Why are carotenoids considered anti mutagenic?

A

Prevents DNA alterations. Antioxidants.

32
Q

List a deficiency for vitamin A

A

Night blindness

33
Q

Describe the use of the term metaplasia in vitamin a deficiency.

A

Change of one cell form to another (cuboidal, columnar, squamous)

34
Q

What helps a vitamin A,D,E and K be absorbed?

A

Lipids in duct

35
Q

Describe the role of vitamin D in calcium absorption. Include the role of the lungs and intestine.

A

A

36
Q

List 2 signs of vitamin D deficiency.

A

Rickets - young

Osteomalacia - older

37
Q

What is the role of vitamin E?

A

Alpha tocopherol

fx. Antioxidant

38
Q

What do massive amounts of vitamin E stimulate?

A

A

39
Q

List three areas where vitamin E deficiency show up.

A

Reproductive failure, cell permeability, muscular lesions

40
Q

How is vitamin E related to lipid metabolism?

A

A

41
Q

How is vitamin K related to blood clotting? List the clotting proteins.

A

Production of 2,7,9,10, and prothrombin

42
Q

What class of compounds is associated with vitamin K?

A

Menadione

43
Q

Name 2 anticoagulants.

A

Coumadin, warfarin, aspirin

44
Q

When would anticoagulants be administered?

A

Prevent blood clots, stroke prevention, extensive surgery

45
Q

What is another name for thiamin? How does the term decarboxylation relate to the role of thiamin?

A

Vitamin B1 or F

Involved in decarboxylation of alpha keto acids

46
Q

What increases d.t. a thiamin deficiency? Why?

A

A

47
Q

Define pyrophosphate.

A

Salt or ester containing two phosphate groups

48
Q

What is another name for riboflavin? Function? Deficiency?

A

Vitamin B2 or G
Coenzymes FAD and FMN
Reduced growth rate

49
Q

What is another name for niacin? Fx? Which A/A is niacin associated with? Deficiency? Relationship with tryptophan?

A 
Nicotonic acid
Constituent of NAD and NADP 
Tryptophan
Reduced growth rate and appetite 
Tryptophan can be converted to niacin if needed
50
Q

What is the function of pantothenic acid? Include the role of CoA. Deficiency? (Gait problems)

A

Component of CoA
Acetylation of compounds in energy metabolism
Slow growth, gait problems

51
Q

What is the advantage of making organic compounds into a salt?

A

A

52
Q

What is the basic structure of Vit B6? What is the function? Include definition of a transminase. Deficiency?

A

Protein and nitrogen metabolism
Changes one amino acid to another
Convulsions

53
Q

What can be used to treat vitamin B6 deficiency?

A

GABA

54
Q

What name is associated with vitamin B12? What function? How is this vitamin related to the intrinsic factor? Deficiency?

A

Cyanocobalamin
Hematopoesis - RBC formation
Isomerase - one form to another
Intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption
Growth retardation, degeneration of spinal cord

55
Q

What is the function of folacin? What type of anemia is associated with folacin deficiency?

A

N/A synthesis
Methylation - addition of single C fragments
Hyperchromic, macrocytic anemia

56
Q

What is the role of biotin?

A

Transcarboxylation, decarboxylation

57
Q

Describe the role of choline. Name two molecules that have choline incorporated in them.

A

Help make Ach, cell membranes

Ach and phospholipids

58
Q

What is another name for vitamin C? Fx? Signs of deficiency?

A

Ascorbic acid
Antioxidant
Scurvey, edema, weight loss, diarrhea

59
Q

Where is insitol found? Fx?

A

Cell membrane, phytate

Cell signaling, activation of secondary messenger

Human & Animal Nutrition (7 decks)

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