Final Flashcards
What affects zinc absorption?
Raised Ca and raised phytate reduce Zn absorption
Describe a function for zinc.
To make carbonic acid -> buffer, dephosphorylation, bone and cartilage formation
What is the most obvious sign for zinc deficiency?
Growth retardation
Describe the association of iron with the porphyrin ring and the cytochromes.
Hem = Fe + porphyrin ring
Why isn’t much iron required in the diet as compared to other trace elements?
Body recycles it
What is the most common sign of iron deficiency? Why?
Microcytic, hypo chronic anemia
Smaller RBC, paler RBC
How is copper related to iron?
Ceruloplasmin Fe 2+ -> Fe 3+ iron for transport
How is copper related to the CNS?
Myelination
How does the term cofactors relate to trace elements?
A
Why does the list of trace elements continue to grow?
Better detection, smaller levels ie. Nano pico etc
List 5 trace elements.
Lead, nickel, tin, iron, aluminum
List 2 analytical detection methods.
Neutron activation, spark source spectrometry
Why is cobalt important?
Stimulation of RBCs, cofactor vitamin B12
What is the critical level of cobalt in ruminants?
.07 to .11 ppm (minimum level)
What is the importance of iodine? Start with the A/A tyrosine in your answer.
Aiding is bound to tyrosine and makes thyroid hormone
Define goitrogenic.
Inhibits uptake of iodine, stimulates formation of a goiter
What level of copper is associated with abnormal hematopoesis?
A
Where is manganese utilized?
Chondroiton sulfate production, stimulates synthesis of cholesterol
How is selenium related to lipid metabolism?
Prevents peroxide formation during lipid metabolism (oxidation)
List a deficiency for selenium.
Nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD), liver necrosis
What is the most and least tolerant dietary element? What is the concentration?
Most - chromium (3000 ppm)
Least - silicon (.2%)
What are three sources of lead? Anything modern?
Old paint, toys from China, old pipe joints
How can lead be diagnosed on a blood smear?
Basophilic stipling, blue dots in RBCs
Why is Mercury toxic?
Accumulates in lysosomes, causes rupture, causes hydrolytic enzyme release (offset by selenium)
What does fluorine prevent?
Dental caries
What is a source of fluorine?
Steel manufacturing, rocks
What is considered a safe level for fluorine? Toxic?
1 ppm safe, 2 ppm not safe, 8 ppm bone deformation, 110 ppm growth retardation
What does fluorine block?
Protein synthesis of bacteria in oral cavity
List 2 examples of potent toxins. Location?
Molybdenum - soil
Cadmium - batteries
How does vitamin a function? Source?
2 beta carotene units, yellow foods
What is the relationship between IU and mass?
IU measures biological activity, different for each vitamin
Why are carotenoids considered anti mutagenic?
Prevents DNA alterations. Antioxidants.
List a deficiency for vitamin A
Night blindness
Describe the use of the term metaplasia in vitamin a deficiency.
Change of one cell form to another (cuboidal, columnar, squamous)
What helps a vitamin A,D,E and K be absorbed?
Lipids in duct
Describe the role of vitamin D in calcium absorption. Include the role of the lungs and intestine.
A
List 2 signs of vitamin D deficiency.
Rickets - young
Osteomalacia - older
What is the role of vitamin E?
Alpha tocopherol
fx. Antioxidant
What do massive amounts of vitamin E stimulate?
A
List three areas where vitamin E deficiency show up.
Reproductive failure, cell permeability, muscular lesions
How is vitamin E related to lipid metabolism?
A
How is vitamin K related to blood clotting? List the clotting proteins.
Production of 2,7,9,10, and prothrombin
What class of compounds is associated with vitamin K?
Menadione
Name 2 anticoagulants.
Coumadin, warfarin, aspirin
When would anticoagulants be administered?
Prevent blood clots, stroke prevention, extensive surgery
What is another name for thiamin? How does the term decarboxylation relate to the role of thiamin?
Vitamin B1 or F
Involved in decarboxylation of alpha keto acids
What increases d.t. a thiamin deficiency? Why?
A
Define pyrophosphate.
Salt or ester containing two phosphate groups
What is another name for riboflavin? Function? Deficiency?
Vitamin B2 or G
Coenzymes FAD and FMN
Reduced growth rate
What is another name for niacin? Fx? Which A/A is niacin associated with? Deficiency? Relationship with tryptophan?
Nicotonic acid Constituent of NAD and NADP Tryptophan Reduced growth rate and appetite Tryptophan can be converted to niacin if needed
What is the function of pantothenic acid? Include the role of CoA. Deficiency? (Gait problems)
Component of CoA
Acetylation of compounds in energy metabolism
Slow growth, gait problems
What is the advantage of making organic compounds into a salt?
A
What is the basic structure of Vit B6? What is the function? Include definition of a transminase. Deficiency?
Protein and nitrogen metabolism
Changes one amino acid to another
Convulsions
What can be used to treat vitamin B6 deficiency?
GABA
What name is associated with vitamin B12? What function? How is this vitamin related to the intrinsic factor? Deficiency?
Cyanocobalamin
Hematopoesis - RBC formation
Isomerase - one form to another
Intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption
Growth retardation, degeneration of spinal cord
What is the function of folacin? What type of anemia is associated with folacin deficiency?
N/A synthesis
Methylation - addition of single C fragments
Hyperchromic, macrocytic anemia
What is the role of biotin?
Transcarboxylation, decarboxylation
Describe the role of choline. Name two molecules that have choline incorporated in them.
Help make Ach, cell membranes
Ach and phospholipids
What is another name for vitamin C? Fx? Signs of deficiency?
Ascorbic acid
Antioxidant
Scurvey, edema, weight loss, diarrhea
Where is insitol found? Fx?
Cell membrane, phytate
Cell signaling, activation of secondary messenger
