Ch 10 & 11 Flashcards

0
Q

Define calorie

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Define energy

A

Potential to perform work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define joule

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the location of energy in feedstuff?

A

Energy in covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is energy stored? How efficient is this conversion?

A

ATP 50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define gross energy and digestible energy

A

Gross energy - heat of combustion

Digestible energy - GE - FE = DE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the relative comparison for GE between fats, protein, and carbs?

A

Fats 9.45
Proteins 5.65
Carbs 4.10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does TDN compare to DE?

A

Roughly comparable but TDN is expressed in units of weight or percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define metabolizable energy (ME)

A

DE - UE = ME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define net energy. How is it related to heat increment (HI)?

A

NE = ME - HI - HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is HI produced?

A

Metabolism in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is HI related to the amount of feed intake?

A

Heat increment depends on the digestibility of the feed. More digestible less HI, less digestible more HI.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is HI calculated for ruminants?

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is heat production related to body weight?

A

Heat production is high with higher body weight but less per kg as weight increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define basal metabolism or basal metabolic rate (BMR). What influences BMR?

A

Condition in which minimal amount of energy is expended to sustain the body. Factors are age, species, sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What accounts for up to 50% of the maintenance energy?

A

Circulation, respiration, liver kidney and nervous functions.

16
Q

How are BMR and maintenance related?

A

A

17
Q

List the macrominerals

A

Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S

18
Q

How is calcium stored?

A

Stored in bones and teeth, hydroxy apatate, in blood as a co factor and as a free ion with oxalate

19
Q

List 3 functions for calcium

A

Muscle contraction, bone, blood clotting, nervous system

20
Q

What regulates calcium absorption?

A

Calcium intake. If you intake more less will be reabsorbed.

21
Q

Describe how blood calcium levels are maintained.

A

Calcitonin is released from thyroid when calcium levels are high. PTH is released when calcium levels are low.

22
Q

Define chelate. Name one for calcium.

A

Calcium binding agent, oxalate

23
Q

List three ways calcium is excreted.

A

Feces, urine, sweat, loss 50% intake

24
Q

What are signs of calcium deficiency?

A

Low bone mass, osteopenia/osteoporosis, poor muscle contraction, slow clot, poor nervous system

25
Q

How does excess P effect calcium absorption?

A

Higher P cause lower Ca absorption

Causes fibrous osteodystrophy

26
Q

What is the normal Ca:P ratio?

A

2:1

27
Q

What is a major concern in older women about calcium?

A

Not getting and retaining enough causing osteopenia/osteoporosis

28
Q

Describe milk fever.

A

Cause by loss of Ca, caused by increase in milk production after calving, causes paralysis, heart failure

29
Q

What can hypercalcemia cause?

A

Osteopetrosis, toxic levels of calcium, extreme bone thickening

30
Q

Where is phosphorus utilized?

A

Skeletal system, cell membrane structure