Test 1 Flashcards
a condition said to exist when a group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus
social disorganization
guaranteed to all members of American society by the U.S. Constitution and are particularly important to criminal defendants facing formal processing by the criminal justice system
individual rights
Who created a cabinet-level “drug czar” position to coordinate the war on drugs?
President Ronald Reagan
In the 1990s, what was the result of the perception that crime rates were increasing, and that offenders were not being punished?
increased focus on individual accountability
What type of crime are we currently seeing a decrease in?
traditional crimes
If you are looking for national crime statistics and want data on crimes reported to the police, which source of data should you use?
Uniform Crime Reporting(UCR)
what type of killing involves killing at least four victims at one location during one event?
mass murder
What is the most common reason why rape victims choose NOT to report victimization?
embarrassment about the crime itself
What does the dark figure of crime refer to?
crime that is not reported to the police
The use of the internet, email, and other electronic communication technologies to bully another person is known as…
cyberstalking
beginning in what decade was there a notable drop in crime that lasted nearly two decades?1
mid 1990s
what is being implied when citizens protest police injustice, since police are an extension of the government?
that the police do not have trustworthy motives
police work is mostly comprised of ______ ________, a fact that police reformers wish was more well known to the public
order maintenance
Which of the following is true about police officers?
A. They assist regular police officers
B. They are almost always part-time
C. They are sometimes paid for their service
D. All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following responsibilities falls under the Social Service function of policing?
A. Intervention with emotionally disturbed individuals
B. Elder abuse
C. Domestic violence intervention
D. All of the above
All of the above
What is true of the 1960s, which proved to be one of the most challenging decades in the history of policing in the United States?
Social disorder produced fear
The ______ ______ involved radical reorganization of police agencies
Reform Era
Police professionalism during the reform era was equated with …
technological advances and improved administration
The police placing more emphasis on impersonal rules, laws, and discipline was an effort to gain _______
legitimacy
What statement about the Political Era is not true?
It involved radical reorganization with a centralized administrative bureaucracy
conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse
crime
the criminal(penal) law, the law of criminal procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with the enforcement of this body of law
criminal justice
scientific study of the non-legal aspects of crime and delinquency, including its courses, correction, and prevention from the viewpoints of diverse disciplines
criminology
the application of procedural fairness to the criminal justice system
procedural justice
a consensual system that relies on public acceptance and public cooperation to function effectively
the American System of Justice
1850s to 1880s
time period in which there was a crime epidemic due to immigration and the civil war
Early 20th century
widespread organized criminal activity
1960s
high profile assassinations of MLK, Malcom X, JFK, and RFK
1980s
war on drugs
Early 2000s
increase in white-collar crime
individual rights perspective
emphasis on protecting personal freedoms and civil rights
public order perspective
under certain circumstances involving criminal threats to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights
civil justice
lawsuits and any other civil matter
criminal justice
concerning violations of criminal law, includes prosecutors, correctional officers, etc.
Law Enforcement officers carry out:
law enforcement, order maintenance, and crime prevention
Consensus model
a criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system’s components work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice
conflict model
perspective that assumes that the system’s components function primarily to serve their own interests
investigation
the start of the modern justice process
arrest
taking a person into custody
6th amendment
amendment that gives defendants the right to trial by jury
difference between trials
bench trial is when a judge makes the verdict, jury trial is when a jury makes the verdict
social justice
the ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and cultural beliefs about right and wrong
warrant
issued by a judge to provide the legal basis for an apprehension of suspects by police
booking
the stage of the criminal justice process in which suspects are photographed and fingerprinted
first appearance
this is when defendants have an opportunity to receive bail
by returning an indictment, the grand jury has determined that…
there is probable cause to formally charge the defendant with the crime
in what situations do bench trials occur?
the defendant waives his or her right to a trial by jury
concurrent sentences
when an offender has been convicted of multiple crimes and must serve a sentence for each offense, _________ _________ permit the offender to serve all sentences at the same time
parole
offenders who have served a portion of their prison sentences may be released on ________?
due process refers to…?
procedural fairness
preliminary hearing
establish probable cause, determine if laws were violated, etc.
arraignment
enter a plea
consecutive sentence
sentences for crimes served back-to-back
the main focus of prison
security, not rehabilitation
August Vollmer
in the 1920s, he began university-level criminal justice courses, built on ideas of Robert Peel
SARA
scan, analysis, response, assessment
1960s to 1989
dramatic increase in crime
spree killings
2 or more locations with almost no time break between murders
serial murder
killing of several victims in three or more separate events
robbery
the unlawful/attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and/or putting the victim in fear
burglary
unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft
identity theft
unauthorized access to personal information
motor vehicle theft
includes theft of self-propelled vehicles that run on the ground but not on rails
arson
willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn, with or without attempting to defraud
who are elderly people more likely to be victimized by?
strangers
Bernie Madoff
pulled off “Wall Street’s biggest fraud”
night watch system
required able-bodied males to donate their time to help protect the cities
Sir Robert Peel
-police should be organized along military lines, under government control
-police officers should be men of quiet demeanor and good appearance
-officers should walk prescribed beats in order to prevent and deal with crime
-territorial strategy of policing
Patrick Colquhoun
superintending magistrate for Thames River Police and author of works on metropolitan police
Pendleton Act
an attempt to address accountability
Wickersham Commission(1931)
formed by President Hoover to investigate rising crime rates
police reform(late 1800s/early 1900s)
centralize administration, improve quality of police personnel, destroy power of political bosses
August Vollmer, also known as…
“Father of Modern Police Professionalism”
