Test 1 Flashcards
substances with the highest ratio of extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid concentration for most mammalian cells:
sodium ions and chloride ions
the most abundant type of cell in the human body
red blood cell
substance has the highest intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid concentration ratio for most mammalian cells:
potassium ions
the time required for the red blood in the circulation to transverse the entire circulatory circuit when at rest
1 minute
exchange of substances between the cardiovascular system and the interstitial fluid occurs in the:
capillaries
how many cells are in the human body
100 trillion (but Karathanasis says 30 trillion)
human blood cells have a disk diameter of:
7,000 nm
0.007 mm
7 μm
homeostasis is the maintenance of:
constant concentration of ions in the blood.
stable pH.
stable body temperature.
positive feedback is often referred to as:
a vicious cycle because it leads to progressive instability and sometimes death.
What is an example of positive feedback within the body:
the clotting of blood
the most abundant substance in the human body is:
water being 60%
a large volume of blood is transfused to a person whose baroceptor (blood pressure control system) is not functioning, and arterial blood pressure rises from the normal level of 100 to 160 mmHg. If at another time the same volume of blood is infused into the same person when the baroceptor system is functioning and the arterial pressure increases from the normal level from 100mmHg to 120mmHg, calculate the gain of the baroceptor system in this person
-2
the cell membrane:
-contains cholesterol that regulated the fluidity of the membrane.
-carbohydrates are attached on the outside of cell membranes forming the glycocalyx, which gives negative charge
-is a bilayer approximately 7.5-10nm thick
what is NOT found in the cell membrane?
DNA
what is found in the cell membrane?
ion channel proteins
phospholipids
cholesterol
the rough endoplasmic reticulum:
contains a large number of ribosomes attatched to the outer surface.
is important in the synthesis of proteins and enzymes
lipid synthesis occurs in the:
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
proteins are sorted for their delivery to lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane in the:
golgi apparatus
endocytosis:
can involve specialized protein receptors on the cell membrane
which of the following is true for both pinocytosis and phagocytosis?
involves the recruitment of actin filaments
ATP production:
-oxidation of 1mol of glucose releases 686 kcal of energy
-glycogen, is a large glucose polymer, which serves as storage of glucose
-typically glucose is converted to pyruvic acid and then to Acetyl CoA
-oxidative phosphorylation generates the majority of ATP molecules
the Krebs Cycle does NOT generate most of the ATP molecules
where does glycolysis take place?
cytosol
glycocalyx refers to:
the negatively charged carbohydrate layer on the outer cell surface
ubiquinone, an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation) is found in the:
inner mitochondrial membrane
microtubules:
-are composed of proteins synthesized by ribosome
-are important in the cytoskeleton
-are important constituents of the centriole and the mitotic spindle
nucleus
distinguished eukaryotic cells from lower units of life such as bacteria and viruses
the following substances permeate the lipid bilayer more readily than water molecules
oxygen, CO2, N2, Non-polar sunstances
the following substances do NOT pass through the bilayer passively
urea, sodium, polar substances
translation:
-each codon codes for one amino acid
-transfer RNA acts as a carrier molecule during protein synthesis
-translation is initiated in the cytosol; protein is synthesized in ribosomes anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane; protein is carried in membrane-bound vesicles to the golgi network for packaging
-multiple ribosomes can simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule
apoptosis:
-is important to control the balance of cell density in tissues
-the suicidal programmed cell death, which involves proteolytic cascade (caspasses) leading to shrinkage, dissemblance of cytoskeleton and alteration of cell surface for recognition by macrophages
cell differentiation:
-not the result of the loss of genes. it is the result of the selective repression and/or expression of specific genes
-different from reproduction
-involves changes in physical and functional properties of cells as they proliferate
the sequence of events that occur during the synthesis and packaging of a secreted protein is:
translation. it is initiated in the cytosol; the protein is carried in membrane-bound vesicles to the cis-golgi apparatus; protein is then packaged for secretion in the trans-golgi network
the variation cell proteomes, or the proteins expressed by each cell type, reflects:
cell-dependent expression or repression of specific genes, or both
protein structure:
-the primary structure is a sequenced chain of amino acids
-the secondary structure is local folding of polypeptide chain into sheets
-the tertiary structure is the global folding of a protein chain
-the quaternary structure is a protein with more than one folded amino acid chain
-in the α-helix, the carbonyl oxygen of residue “i” forms a hydrogen bond with the amide of residue “i+4”
a cell is equilibrated in 300 mOsm/L socium chloride. Cell is placed in an aqueous solution of 300 mOsm/L glycerol.the cell volume will:
increase
a cell is equilibrated in a 150 mmol?l solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) at time 0. Volume change is caused by immersion of the cell in an aqueous solution of 200 mmol/l NaCl, 100 mmol/L glycerol. NaCl can be assumed that has zero permeability through the cell membrane whereas glycerol is quite permeable.
the cell descreases in volume.
-the hugher concentration of a permeable substance causes a decrease in volume.
-the higher concentration of a nonpermiable substance causes a decrease.
a cell is equilibriated in 150 mmol/L NaCl at time 0. the volume chnage caused by immersion of the cell in an aqueous solution of 90 mmol/L CaCl2 and 100 mmol/L glycerol is? CaCl2 can be assumed thta has zero permeability though the cell membrane where as glycerol is quite permeable.
the cell volume will decrease then increase.
-the initial decrease is caused by the glycerol. a higher outside concentration of permeable substance
-the increase is caused by active transport of NaCl, a lower outside concentration of a non-permeable substance.
gene transcription occurs in:
the nuclues
gene translation:
-occurs in the cytoplasm.
-multiple ribosomes can translate at the same time.
-each codon is for one amino acid.
-one mRNA molecule can only code for one protein.
-tRNA acts as a carrier during protein synthesis
glycocalyx:
carbohydrate coating on outside of cell
cholesterol:
important for cell membrane fluidity
RNA Polymerase:
unzips DNA in trascription
chemotaxis:
cell movement based on chemicals
Krebs Cycle occurs in:
the mitochondrial matrix
oxidative phosphorylation occurs in:
the inner mitochondrial membrane
glycolysis occurs in the:
cytosol
glycolysis will slow if increased:
NADH, ATP, Glucagon
synthesis and packaging of secreted proteins.
translation starts in cytosol, mRNA translated by ribosomes on rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, the protein is carried by vesicles to the goli apparatus for packaging
osmotic pressures
similar polarity=similar pressure
examples: glycerol and urea
a particle with diameter 200 nm will take how many days to transverse 1mm?
1 day
tumors rely on what?
glycolysis
cancer is normally the result of:
a single mutation in the cell
exchange of substances between the cardiovascular system and then interstitial fluid occurs mainly in the:
capillaries
necrosis:
acute injury causing disruption of cell membrane integrity resulting in inflamation
what is absorbed by the gut into the portal venous blood:
proteins, carbohydrates, bacteria
pH of gastric contents is low when?
between meals
ion associated with fluid absorption in gastrointestinal tract:
sodium
water is transported through the intestinal membrane via passive transport to:
maintain equillibrium
what is the most abundant type of cell in the human body?
red blood cell
which of the following substances has the highest extracellular fluid to intracellulaar fluid concentration ratio for most mammallian cells?
sodium ions
echange of substances between the cardiovascular system and the interstitial fluid in tissues occurs mainly in which of the following?
capillaries
homeostasis is the mantinance of:
constant concentration of ions in the blood.
stable pH.
stable body temperature
how many cells does the human body have?
30 trillion (karathanasis)
a typical human red blood cell has a disk diameter of:
about 7,000 nm
about 7 micrometers
which of the following statements about the cell membrane is true?
the cell membrane is a bilayer approximately 7.5-10nm thick.
the cell membrane contains cholesterol that regulates the fluidity of the membrane.
carbohydrates are attatched on the outside of cell membranes forming the glycocalyx, which gives negative charge.
microtubules:
are important in the cytoskeleton.
are composed of proteins synthesized by ribosomes.
the appearance of which of the following distinguishes eukaryotic cells from lower units of life such as bacteria and viruses?
the nucleus
which of the following is true for both pinocytosis and phagocytosis?
involves the recruitment of actin filaments
proteins are sorted for their delivery to lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane in the:
golgi apparatus
a pure phospholipid bilayer is most permeable to:
oxygen
which of the following is associated with the cell membrane?
channel proteins.
phospholipids.
carbohydrates.
cholesterol.
lipid synthesis occurs in the:
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
which of the following statements is true?
-glycogen, is a large glucose polymer, which serves as storage of glucose.
-typically glucose is converted to pyruvic acid and them to Acetyl CoA.
-oxidative phosphorylation generates the majority of ATP molecules.
which of the following statements are true?
-glycolysis alone ineffectively converts nutrients into energy
-the majority of ATP is generated during oxidative phosphorylation
which of the following statements about translation are true?
-multiple ribosomes can simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule.
-each amino acid has corresponding codon or codons.
-transfer RNA acts as a carrier molecule during protein synthesis.
-translation is initiated in the cytosol; protein is synthesized in ribosomes anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane; protein is carried in membrane-bound vesicles to the golgi network for packaging.
cell differentiation is:
-different from reproduction
-involves changes in physical and functional properties of cells as they proliferate.
-not the result of the loss of genes. It is the result of the selective repression and/or expression of specific genes.
necrosis is:
the acute injury causing disruption of the cell membrane integrity followed by inflammation.
apoptosis is:
-the suicidal programmed death , which involves proteolytic cascade (caspases) leading to shrinkage, dissemblance of cytoskeleton and alteration of cell surface for recognition by macrophages.
-important to control the balance of cell density in tissues.
bicarbonate buffer
maintains pH
insulin:
-treatment for diabetes
-allows glucose to be transported to cells
nervous system
-sensory input
-central nervous system
-motor output portion
negative feedback
promotes stability, output opposes change
positive feedback
-promotes change, instability
-accelerate or enhance output
-example: blood clotting cascade
endoplasmic reticulum
network of tubular and flat vesicle structures.
rough or smooth.
they package proteins or lipid creation
exocytosis
secretory vesicles, releasing things outside of the cell
endocytosis
bringing in things, macrophages, white blood cells
