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EBME 201 > quiz 6 (section 2 quiz 3) > Flashcards

quiz 6 (section 2 quiz 3) Flashcards

1
Q

which of the following are true about smooth muscle?

A

smooth muscle is typically innervated by the autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

which of the following are true for both skeletal and smooth muscle?

A

both types of muscles contract by the sliding filament mechanism
contraction is initiated by the binding of calcium to troponin in both types of muscle

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3
Q

which of the following are true about the nervous system?

A

the organs of the body, such as the lungs and stomach, are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

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4
Q

which of the following are true about synapses in the central nervous system?

A

the amount of neurotransmitter released at one synapse is typically not sufficient to elicit an action potential in the post synaptic neuron.
acetylcholine is a small molecule rapidly acting neurotransmitter.

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5
Q

which of the following are true about neuronal circuits?

A

a signal entering as an input to a circuit with amplifying divergence will be spread to a larger number of neurons.
reciprocal inhibition circuits are important for controlling antagonistic pairs of muscles

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6
Q

which of the following are true about sensory receptors?

A

as the amplitude of the receptor potential increases, the rate of action potentials sent down the neuron toward the central nervous system increases.
accommodation is one mechanism through which receptor adaption can occur.

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7
Q

activation of a G protein

A

metabotropic

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8
Q

opening and closing of sodium channels within one millisecond

A

ionotropic

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9
Q

sustained opening of a potassium channel for several hours

A

metabotropic

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10
Q

increase production of membrane receptor proteins

A

metabotropic

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11
Q

activation of gene transcription

A

metabotropic

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12
Q

muscle action potential

A

one peak

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13
Q

action potential with plateau

A

one peak with flatter top

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14
Q

slow wave rhythm with self excitation

A

two points at top of one peak. bottom looks like start and end of action potential curve

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15
Q

receptor potential with excitation

A

exponential increase (CC down) with lots of little peaks at the tops

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16
Q

inhibitory post synaptic potential

A

graph looks like a bowl. goes down once rather than up

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17
Q

neuron

A

functional unit of the nervous system

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18
Q

dendrites

A

receive input

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19
Q

soma

A

the cell body

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20
Q

axon

A

sends the output

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21
Q

axon hillock

A

site of initiation of action potential

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22
Q

axon terminals

A

interface between axon of presynaptic neuron and dendrites of postsynaptic neuron

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23
Q

motor neuron

A

-sends input to muscles
-efferent (away)
-myelinated and larger diameter

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24
Q

sensory neuron

A

-sends sensory information to central nervous system
-afferent (toward)
-pseudo-unipolar cells: axon extends in two directions from cell body. one branch goes to skin receptors the other to the spinal cord.
-no dendrites
-myelinated or unmyelinated
-signals only sent in one direction

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25
Q

multipolar-interneuron (CNS neuron)

A

-process information and transmits it to other neurons
-highly branched
-lots of dendrites. can receive input from 10,000 to 200,000 input neurons

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26
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

autonomic and somatic nervous systems

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28
Q

autonomic NS

A

sympathetic division
parasympathetic division

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29
Q

somatic NS

A

sensory (afferent) NS (sensory input) and motor (efferent) NS (motor output)

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30
Q

spinal cord

A

transmission of signals; control of autonomic and instantaneous actions

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31
Q

subcortical structures

A

lower brain. control of subconscious processes and processes required to sustain life

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32
Q

cortex

A

higher brain. control of complpex processes and processes that require conscious thought

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33
Q

gray matter

A

contains all of the living cell bodies.

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34
Q

white matter

A

axons of passage. white bc more myelinated

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35
Q

spinal roots

A

start of the peripheral nerves. sensory root is dorsal and motor root is ventral

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36
Q

sensory (afferent) roots

A

dorsal root ganglion: contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons. input of sensory information to spinal cord

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37
Q

motor (efferent) roots

A

motor axons carry signals away from spinal cord to muscles/glands. cell bodies in the grey matter of the spinal cord

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38
Q

brainstem

A

controls critical life processes

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39
Q

medulla

A

controls respiration; regulates cardiac and vascular function; regulates reflexes such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting

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40
Q

pons

A

regulates sleep-wake cycle and breathing; junction for cranial nerves

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41
Q

midbrain

A

regulates eye movement

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42
Q

cerebellum

A

controls coordination, precision, and timing of movements. also involved in balance control

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43
Q

limbic system

A

regulates emotion, behavior, and memory

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44
Q

hippocampus

A

long term memory storage and spatial navigation

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45
Q

amygdala

A

regulates emotions, reward processing with motivation, association of emotion with memories

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46
Q

hypothalamus

A

control center for maintaining homeostasis - regulates food/fluid intake, sleeping, metabolism, body temp

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47
Q

basal ganglia

A

initiating voluntary movement, fine tuning motor function

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48
Q

thalamus

A

relays sensory and motor information between brainstem and cortex

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49
Q

frontal lobe

A

decision making, problem solving, planning, attention, speech, production, voluntary movement, personality

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50
Q

parietal lobe

A

somatosensory processing, spatial processing, sensory integration

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51
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing, interpretation, recognition

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52
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory processing, language comprehension, memory

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53
Q

somatic peripheral NS

A

sends signals from sensory receptors and to peripheral effectors

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54
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized cells that transduce a physical stimulus from the environment (or from within the body) into neural signals

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55
Q

types of sensory receptors:

A

-vision: retina in the eye
-hearing: hair cells in the cochlea in the inner ear
-touch: mechanoreceptors in the skin
-olfaction (small): olfactory nerve endings in the nose
-taste: taste cells on the tongue

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56
Q

effectors

A

perform the functions/activities of the body.
-contraction of skeletal muscles (somatic NS)
-contraction of smooth muscles (autonomic NS)
-secretion by exocrine and endocrine glands (autonomic NS)

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57
Q

autonomic NS

A

innervate many organs of the body to enable life processes
-neurons are lightly myelinated or unmyelinated
-two neuron chain from spinal cord to organ: preganglionic neuron and postanglionic neuron
-ganglia

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58
Q

ganglia

A

locations of cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons

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59
Q

sympathetic NS

A

fight or flight
-raises heart rate, promoytes vasoconstriction, releases glucose, inhibits digestion
-symapthetic nerves originate from thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord
-sympathetic ganglion chain

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60
Q

sympathetic ganglion chain

A

ganglia reside near spinal cord

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61
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

rest or digest
-promotes digestion of food, expulsion of waste, general maintenance of the body
-parasympathetic nerves originate from Brian and sacral region of spinal cord
ganglia reside in the effector organs

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62
Q

dual innervation

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves innervate most organs, but will have opposite effects

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63
Q

synapses:

A

junction between one neurons and the next
-transmit signals between neurons
-process information

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64
Q

how do synapses process information?

A

-send signals from one neuron to the next or from one brain region to another
-block transmission of a signal from one neuron to the next
-spread a signal to many neurons
-change a single neural impulse into repetitive impulses (or vise versa)
-integrate pulses across multiple neurons to cause highly intricate patterns of impulses in successive neurons

65
Q

integrative function of synapses

A

routing info, selecting relevant info, and processing info to create appropriate mental and motor responses

66
Q

long term potentiation

A

process through which a sequence of synapses increases its capability to transmit a specific signal due to repeated transmission of the signal
-synapses become so facilitated/strengthened that the impulses can be transmitted even without a sensory input
-basis of memory formation
-occurs in the cerebral cortex

67
Q

chemical synapses

A

-neurotransmitters: traverse the synaptic space form the presynaptic to postsynaptic neuron.
-one way conduction (pre-post)
-involved in neuron to neuron or neuron to muscle communitcation

68
Q

electrical synapses

A

-gap junctions: allow free movement of ions from one cell to another
-bidirectional conduction
-involved in coordinating activity among large groups of interconnected neruons

69
Q

presynaptic terminals

A

portion of the presynaptic axon that is in close association with the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron
-transmitter vesicles: stores neurontransmitter for eventual release
-mitochondria: produces energy to synthesize more neurotransmitters

70
Q

neurotransmitter release process:

A

-action potentials reaching the terminal open voltage gated Ca+2 channels.
-influx of Ca+2 ions enables vesicles to release their stored neurotransmitter at release sites
-quantity of neurotransmitter released is directly related to the number of Ca+2 ions that enter

71
Q

small molecule rapidly acting transmitters (acetylcholine, nonepinepherine)

A

-synthesized in cytosol of presynaptic terminal, tansported into vesicles in the axon terminal
-vesicles and/or transmitter precursors are recycled
-release and action on postsynaptic cell occurs within millisecond or less

72
Q

neuropeptodes

A

insulin, gastrin. larger. synthesized by ribosomes.
-axonal streaming: vesicles travel from cell body to axon terminals very slowly.
released in smalll quantities, long term changes to postsynaptic cell

73
Q

gaseous molecules

A

NO, CO.
synthesized immediately. diffuses out of axon terminal over a few seconds

74
Q

acetylcholine

A

exicitory.
released by motor neurons, proganglionic neurons of autonomic NS, most postganglionic neurons

75
Q

norepinephrine

A

excitatory or inhibitory.
released by brain stem and hypothalamus, postganglionic neurons of sympatheic NS

76
Q

dopamine

A

inhibitory. released by sustained nigra and basal ganglia

77
Q

GABA

A

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. released in spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, cortex

78
Q

glutamate

A

always ecitatory. released by sensory neruons entering CNS

79
Q

serotonin

A

inhinitor of pain pathways. releaased in brain stem

80
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

neurotransmitter receptors that directly gate ion channels. allows for very rapid control of postsynaptic neurons. typical receptor for small molecular transmitters

81
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

neurotransmitter receptors that activate second messenger systems. allows for prolonged excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron. important for changing th elong term response characteristics of different neuronal pathways

82
Q

second messengers:

A

increase or decrease specific cellular functions. most important mechanism is by changing gene transcription. leads to changes in cell structure or metabolism through formation of new proteins.

83
Q

primary mechanism of excitation:

A

opening of sodium channels

84
Q

primary mechanism of inhibition:

A

opening of chloride ion channels

85
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

binding to an excitatory receptor increases sodium permeability, leading to an increase in membrane potential

86
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

binding to an inhibitory receptor increases chloride permeability, leading to a decrease in membrane potential (can also increase potassium permeability)

87
Q

electrotonic conduction

A

direct spread of electrical current by ion conduction in the intracellular fluid of the dendrites. NOT action potential. most dendrites have few voltage gated sodium channels so cannot transmit action potentials

88
Q

decremental conduction

A

decrease in membrane potential as the EPSP/IPSP spreads electrotonically along dendrites towards the soma. large part of the PSP is lost by leakage through the membrane before it can rwach the soma

89
Q

many voltage gated sodium channels in the axon hillock and axon so action potential can self regenerate here

A

few voltage gated sodium channels in the soma/dendrites so AP cannot self regenerate here

90
Q

action potential travels:

A

down the axon

91
Q

spatial summation

A

summing simultaneous postsynaptic potentials across multiple axon terminals

92
Q

temproal summation

A

summing successive discharges from a single presynaptic neuron

93
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated, tubular, multi nucleated, voluntary, attatched to skeleton

94
Q

smooth muscle

A

non striated, branched and uninecleated, involuntary, covering walls of internal organs, organized in sheets

95
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated, branched and uninucleated, involuntary, covering the walls of the heart

96
Q

smooth muscle orgasn

A

digestive system
urinary system
circulatory system
respiratory system
sensory system (eye)

97
Q

which muscles contract (shorten the muscle)

A

skeletal and smooth

98
Q

contratcion is mediated by actin myosin interactions.

A

myosin heads form cross bridges by binding to actin. mysoin walks along actin causing filament slidin

99
Q

how is contraction initiated?

A

increase in intracellular calcium ions

100
Q

what provides energy for contratcion?

A

ATP hydrolysis

101
Q

what are the striations in skeletal and cardiac muscle?

A

sacromeres

102
Q

side polar arrangement of smooth muscle

A

myosin heads on one side of the myosin filament hinge in one direction, and those on the other side hinge in the other direction

103
Q

dense bodies

A

anchor point for actin filaments. similar to Z disk. some attatched to cell membrane, other dispressed throughout the cell. connection points between adjacent muscle cells allow for transmission of contractile force between cells

104
Q

stress relaxation response

A

ability to return to the original force of contraction seconds to minutes after the smooth muscle has been stretched

105
Q

caveolae

A

small invaginations in cell membrane, similar to T-tubules in function

106
Q

most calcium ions enter the cell from the

A

extracellular fluid. slow process, diffusion over long distances

107
Q

calmodulin

A

regulatory protein that initiates contraction by activating the mysoin cross-bridges

108
Q

calium pump

A

pumps calcium ions out of the muscle fiber and back into the extracellular space. requires ATP. slower acting pump than SERCA in skeletal muscles

109
Q

myosin phosphate

A

enzyme that splits the phosphate from the regulatory light chain of the myosin head.

110
Q
A
111
Q

latch mechanism

A

long term maintenance of smooth muscle force for hours without much expenditure of energy

112
Q

stimuli to control contraction

A

neural signals, hormonal stimulation, stretch of the muscle, local tissue chemical factors

113
Q

unitary

A

single unit, visceral, syncytial. hundereds to thousands of smooth muscle dfibers that contract together as a signle unit. control is mainly by non nervous stimuli

114
Q

multi unit smooth muscle

A

each fiber operates independently. control is mainly by neural signals

115
Q

varicosities

A

neurotransmitter filled bulges along the length of the axon

116
Q

diffuse junctions

A

type of synaptic connection in smooth muscle

117
Q

if a smooth muscle cell is excited by acetlycholine,

A

it will be inhibited by norepineephrine (and vise versa)

118
Q

does excitation of an action potential in the muscle cell of smooth muscle need to occur for contraction to occur?

A

no

119
Q

spike potentials

A

typical action potential, 10-50 ms duration

120
Q

action potentials with plateaus

A

rapid depolarization, but repolarization is delayed up to 1 second

121
Q

self excitatory action potentials associated with a slow wave rythm

A

slow wave: rythmic fluctuations in membrane potential

122
Q

muscle streatch AP

A

rasies membrane potential making it more likely for a slow wave tot rigger an AP

123
Q

neuronal pool

A

neural circuit. group of neurons that processes signals in a unique way

124
Q

input neurons

A

each input neuron branches to form thousands of terminals which synapse with various neurons in the pool

125
Q

stimulatory field

A

the neuronal area stimulated by each incoming nerve fiber

126
Q

excitatory/suparthreshold stimulus

A

signal from an input neuron is sufficiet to elicit an action potential in an output neuron

127
Q

subthreshold stimulus

A

signal from an input neuron increases membrane potential in an output neuron, but is not sufficient to elicit an action potential

128
Q

discharge zone

A

all neurons in this zone receive sufficient input to trigger action potentials

129
Q

facilitated zone

A

neurons in this zone receive excitatory input, but not sufficient to elicit action potentials

130
Q

inhibitory zone

A

neurons in this zone receive inhibitory input, impeding the formation of action potentials

131
Q

divergence

A

when a small number of weak signals entering the neuronal pool lead to excitation of many neurons leaving the pool.
amplifying divergence and divergence into multiple tracts

132
Q

convergence

A

signals from multiple inputs unite to excite a single neuron. convergence from a single source or multiple sources

133
Q

reciprical inhibition circuit

A

incoming signal to a neuronal pool causes an excitatory signal in one direction and a simultaneous inhibitory signal in another direction

134
Q

after discharge

A

neural firing that lasts longer than the incoming signal

135
Q

synaptic afterdischarge

A

prolonged firing of an output neuron due to prolonged elevation of membrane potential due to long acting neurotransmitters

136
Q

reverberatory (oscillatory) circuit

A

positive feedback within tghe neuronal circuit back to re-excite the input of the same circuit

137
Q

continuous signal output

A

when a pool of neurons continuously proceeds signals even in the absence of input

138
Q

inhibitory circuits

A

prevent excessive spread of signals

139
Q

synaptic fatigue

A

synaptic transmission becomes progressively weaker the more prolonged or more intense the excitation stimulus

140
Q

synaptic sensitivity

A

how readily a synapse transmits signals

141
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized cells that transduce a physical stimulus from the enviornment (or from within the body) into neural signals

142
Q

effectors

A

perform the functions/activities of the body

143
Q

contraction of skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

144
Q

contraction of smooth msucles

A

autonomic NS

145
Q

secretion by exocrine and endocrine glands

A

autonomic NS

146
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

transduce mechanical stimuli (pressure, vibration, stretching)

147
Q

thermoreceptors

A

transduce temperature

148
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors detect physical or chemical damage to the body

149
Q

electromagnetic (photoreceptors) receptors

A

transduce light

150
Q

chemoreceptors

A

transduce chemical stimuli (taste, smell, blood oxygen, osmolality of body fluids)

151
Q

differential sensitivity

A

each type of sensory receptor is highly sensitive to one type of stimulus but unresponsive to other types of sensory stimuli

152
Q

receptor potential

A

change in membrane potential due to incoming sensory stimulus. graded potentials

153
Q

receptor adaption

A

decrease in response of a receptor over time due to a continuous prolonged stimulus

154
Q

slowly adapting receptors

A

detect continuous stimulus strength (tonic receptors). keeps the brain up to date on current state of the body

155
Q

rapidly adapting receptors

A

detect changes in stimulus strength (rate receptors).

156
Q

labelled line hypothesis

A

each neuron transmits information only about one modality of stimulus

157
Q

receptive fields

A

area of the skin where a stimulus will excite the nerve fiber. fields overlap. each neuron branches to several terminals

158
Q

innervation density

A

number of neurons supplying a region of the skin, per unit area

EBME 201 (11 decks)

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