exam 3 Flashcards
innate immunity is the ability to resist damaging organisms and toxins. it involves the skin, gastric acids, tissue neutrophils and macrophages, and the complement system
true
innate immunity is non-specific and involves blood-circulating macrophages, platelets and occasionally B lymphocytes
true
an antigen us a unique structure. it is a substance that can induce an immune response when introduced into an immunocompetent host that can react with the antibody produced from that response. it consists of epitopes recurring molecular groups in large molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides.
true
primary form in which iron is transported in the plasma
transferrin
presentation of antigen to a B lymphocyte will directly result in
production of antibodies
phagocytic cells:
-dendritic cells are the professional antigen-presenting cells of the body
-monocytes/macrophages are active in the tissue; long-lived cells (10-20 hrs in blood, months in tissue)
-neutrophils are active in the blood; non-dividing; short-lived (less than 8 hours in blood, around 5 days in tissue); dominant number in bloodstream
nosse:
-partially filters the inspired air and cleans it of foreign matter
-most of the heat and humidity adjustment needed can be done via the nose
-the nose serves as a resonating chamber for speech
-the nose houses the olfactory receptors which are responsible for smelling
lungs:
-a large porous particle (20micro meters) with very low density behaves aerodynamically as a small particle (4 micro meters) and therefore deposits deep into the lungs
-the area of your deep lungs is equivalent to the area of a tennis court
-if you inhale large particles of dust, they will primarily deposit onto your throat
-the total number of airways in the 6th generation of the lungs is 64
fastest rate that cancer cells can divide
about 10-20 horus
typically, cancer is the result of multiple mutations within a cell
false
tumor cells rely on glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation because they have no mitochondria
false
hypoxic regions within a tumor is not the result of
-mutated red blood cells that have no hemoglobin
-the tumor vasculature that has only veins and no arteries
-inability of the existing vasculature to provide sufficient oxygen for the high demands of cancer cells
cancer is a complex set of diseases with fundamental commonalities
-stem-like features
-accumulation of critical mutations within a cell
-limitless replicative potential
-evading apoptosis
-self-sufficiency in growth signals
-sustained angiogenesis
-insensitivity to ant-i-growth signal
-warburg effect
tumor angiogenesis
-VEGF protein is released from cancer cells and binds on VEGF receptors on endothelial cells
-tumor vasculature is chaotic, disorganized consisting of immature vessels with leaky walls
-VEGF signaling is a rate limiting process which primarily dictates angiogenesis
-tumors typically display extremely slow blood flows
-hypoxia is the pathophysiological consequence of tumor disturbed microcirculation
cancer stem cells
-only a minority of cells in a tumor can generate a new tumor
-tumor forming cells can be isolated with stem cell markers
-tumors re-grow after apparent regression
core temperature is falling results in:
sweating and cutaneous vasodilation
-sweat-> vasodilation
-shiver -> vasoconstriction
heat transfer when the environmental temperature is greater than the body temperature
evaporation
process of loosing heat through physical contact with another object or body
conduction
process of loosing heat through the movement of air or water molecules across the skin
convection
cooling
-heat will be transferred from the surrounding to human body through convection and radiation. after the intersection point, the body temperature is higher than the environmental temperature. As a result, convective cooling and radiative cooling take effect. The body temperature becomes lower than that of “no cooling”
some cells secrete chemicals into the extracellular fluid that act on cells in the same tissue. Which of the following refer to this type of regulation?
paracrine communication
hormones can be
-steroid hormones (cholesterol derivatives)
-peptide and proteins hormones
-amine hormones (derivatives of tyrosine)
if a patient has type AB blood, which of the following blood types can they receive?
AA, AB, BB, OO, OB, OA
which couple cannot be the biological parents of a child with blood group AB
mother AB, father OO
a scuba diver explored an underwater lava flow. the temperature of the water is 102 degrees F. which one of the following sets of mechanisms of heat loss is effective in this man swimming in the 102 degree F water?
none: not conduction, convection, radiation, or evaporation
the site of action of thyroid hormones is the
cell nucleus
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells are only committed to lymphoid stem cels
false
one macrophage can engulf 20-30 bacteria whereas one neutrophil can engulf ~100 bacteria
false
a 20 year old man presents to the emergency department with a 2-week history of diarrhea after a trip out of the country. he is admitted to the hospital for dehydration. his stool specimens is positive for parasitic eggs. which type of white blood cells would have elevated numbers?
eosinophils
which of the following is true regarding white blood cells?
granulocytes are normally formed in the bone marrow
in a normal healthy person, which of the following blood components typically has the longest life span?
macrophages
during an inflammatory response, which is the correct order for cellular events?
activation of tissue macrophage, infiltration of neutrophils from the blood, infiltration of monocytes from the blood, increased production of neutrophils and monocytes
presentation of antigen to a B lymphocyte will result in
production of antibodies
which of the following is true regarding phagocytic cells?
-neutrophils are active in the blood; non-dividing; short-lived (<8 hours in blood, ~5 day in tissue); dominant number in bloodstream
-monocytes/macrophages are active in the tissu; long-lived cells (10-20 hours in blood, months in tissue)
-dendritic cells are the professional antigen-presenting cells of the body
innate immunity is non-specific and involves monocytes, neutrophils and macrophages
true
regarding acquired immunity: invasion of body by forign antigen -> phagocytosis by tissue macrophage -> presentation of antigen to lymphocytes which binds on surface antibodies (B-cell) or surface receptor protein (T-cell) -> activation of T and B cells
true
where in the body are antigens typically presented for activation of the adaptive immune system?
nearest draining lymph node
which are the professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the body?
dendritic cells
opsonization is the process by which a foreign particle is marked for ingestion by a phagocyte. Opsonization involves the binding of an opsonin onto the particle. most phagocytic binding cannot occur without opsonization. after opsonin binds to the membrane, phagocytes are attracted. The Fc (constant) portion of the antibody binds to the antigen, whereas the Fab (variable) portion of the antibody binds to an Fab receptor on the phagocyte, facilitating phagocytosis. The receptor-opsonin complex can also create byproducts like C3b and C4b, which are important components of the complement system. these components are deposited on the surface of the phagocyte and aid in its destruction. the statement of the bolded sentence is
false
which of the following statements is correct?
-most of the heat and huidity adjustment needed can be done via the nose
-the nose serves as a resonating chamber for speech
-the nose houses the olfactory receptors which are responsible for smelling
-the nose partially filters the inspired air and cleanss it of foreign matter
hemostasis is your body’s natural reaction to an injury that stops bleeding and repairs the damage
true
what are the stages of hemostasis?
constriction of the blood vessel -> formation of a temporary platelet plug -> activation of the coagulation cascade -> fibrin appears and formation of fibrin plug or clot -> clot retraaction
the formation of memory immune responses is the onjective of vaccination. immunological memory is predominantly the function of whihc of the following?
cells of the adaptive immune system
iwhen a child encounters a foreign organism for the first time, he or she can respond with a humoral immune response specific for that organism. this is because of whihc of the followng?
the antigens of the organism stimulate clonal expasion of preexisting B cells with receptors specific for the antigens
one reason why immune responses to pathogens are polyclonal is because of whihc of the following?
the oathogen contains multiple epitopes
the first vaccine was developed by
edward jenner
a vaccine can be
all of the above:
-an antigenic protein
-weakended pathogen
-live attenuated pathogen
