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EBME 201 > quiz 8 (section 3 quiz 1) > Flashcards

quiz 8 (section 3 quiz 1) Flashcards

1
Q

which one of the following best represents the primary form in which iron is transported in the plasma?

A

transferrin

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2
Q

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells are only committed to lymphoid stem cells

A

false

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3
Q

one macrophage can engulf 3-20 bacteria whereas one neutrophil can engulf ~100 bacteria

A

false

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4
Q

a 20-year-old man presents the emergency department with a 2 week history of diarrhea after a trip out of the country. he is admitted to the hospital for dehydration. his stool specimen is positive for parasitic eggs. which type of white blood cells would have elevated numbers?

A

eosinophills

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5
Q

which of the following is true regarding white blood cells?

A

granulocytes are normally formed only in the bone marrow

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6
Q

in a normal, healthy person, which of the following blood components typically has the longest life span?

A

macrophages

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7
Q

during an inflammatory response, which is the correct order for cellular events?

A

activation of tissue macrophage, infiltration of neutrophils from the blood, infiltration of monocytes from blood, increased production of neutrophils and monocytes

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8
Q

presentation of antigen to a B lymphocyte will result in

A

production of antibodies

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9
Q

functions of red blood cells:

A

transport hemoglobin, transport carbon dioxide, acid base buffer (carbonic anhydrase enzyme catalyzes the conversion of CO2 to H2CO3), flexible cell will excessive membrane (filled with enzymes. no nucleus or mitochondria.), not much support to help them live. RBC’s only live for a couple of months at a time. continuously making new RBC’s

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10
Q

hematocrit:

A

a hematocrit is the volume percentage of red blood cells in the blood. depends on the number and size of the RBC’s.
% volume of blood that is red
cells (men 45%, women 40%)

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11
Q

hemoglobin

A

15-16 (male) gm Hb/100 ml blood
13-14 (female) gm Hb/100 ml blood

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12
Q

metabolic limit of Hb formation

A

maximum of 34 gm of Hb per 100 ml of cells

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13
Q

MCV

A

volume of one RBC. lets us know if we have a disease or not. measures the average size of one RBC.

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14
Q

MCH

A

hemoglobin. iron containing oxygen transport protein in RBCs. MCH is the average amount of hemoglobin in one RBC

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15
Q

MCHC

A

indicates the amount of hemoglobin per unit volume

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

RDW-sd

A

standard deviation of the red cell volume divided by the mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

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18
Q

platelets

A

aka thrombocytes. small, colorless cell fragments that form clots to stop or prevent bleeding. made in the bone marrow.

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19
Q

hematopoiesis

A

the formation of blood cellular components. occurs during embryonic development and throughout adulthood to produce and replenish the blood system (since RBC’s die every couple of months)

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20
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

mainly in the bone marrow, but also in the sternum, pelvis, vertebrae, and ribs

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21
Q

proerythroblast

A

easrliest of the four stages in development of the normoblast.

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22
Q

basophil erythroblast

A

smaller than proerythroblasts with more condensed chromatin and lower nuclear cytoplasmic ratios

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23
Q

polychromatophil erythroblast

A

moderately condensed chromatin; lighter, grayish cytoplasm

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24
Q

orthochromatic erythroblast

A

round dark nucleus with an almost absent/uniform chromatin pattern. nucleus is dying

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25
Q

reticulocyte

A

slightly immature re blood cells. with some diseases such as some anemias, the body increases RBC production and sends these reticulocytes into the blood stream before they mature

26
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cell. biconcave disk. no nucleus. contain hemoglobin which makes the blood red. transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues.

27
Q

erythropoietin

A

a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the production of RBC’s:
released from the kidney in response to low renal oxygen. stimulates stem cells to form pronormoblasts (proerythroblasts). promotes a release of reticulocytes. hypoxia causes production of erythropoietin within minutes to hours. erythropoietin life span is 4-12 hours. increase in red blood cell numbers in 5 days.
less than 10% produced in liver. most in the pertubular interstitial cells of the kidney. no stores of erythropoietin. erythrocytosis suppresses the protein but does not abolish it. always present in the membrane.

28
Q

how are RBCs destructed?

A

enzyme activity, ATP, and MCH levels decrease, deformability/spherocytosis decreases
ingested by macrophage in the spleen
iron release to transferrin
hemoglobin is excreted as bilirubin

29
Q

iron metabolism:

A

-absorption is slow, enhanced by meat, poultry, fish.
-inhibited by carbohydrates, tennate (tea), oxalate, phosphates, clay
-duodenum and upper jejunum are major site absorptions
-BCL promotes abosrption
-loose 1mg everday male, women 14 mg when menstruating

30
Q

transferrin

A

-in the blood
-two binding sites
-responsible for pink color of the plasma
-1/3 of sites are occupied

31
Q

ferritin

A

-in cells
-storage and bindig of iron

32
Q

hemosiderin

A

-when too much iron accumulates. water insoluble (large clusters)

33
Q

pluripotent stem cell

A

potent type of stem cell that normally only exists during early embryonic development. can form basic body layers and germ cells

34
Q

lymphoid stem cell

A

infection fighting cells that develop a type of blood stem cell in the bone marrow

35
Q

myeloid stem cell

A

include all blood cells except lymphoid cells. several types of cells including monocytes from monoblasts, erythrocytes from erythroblasts, platelets from megakaryocytes, granulocytes from myleoblasts

36
Q

T cell

A

type of white blood cell. lymphocyte. helps your immune system fight germs and protect you from disease, helper T cells send signals to direct other immune cells to fight infection, cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells. involved in fighting cancer, viruses, and graft rejection

37
Q

B cell

A

responsible for humoral immunity in mammals. lifelong process. developement from hematopoitic stem cells. kills parasitic worms and active in allergies, make antibodies

38
Q

eosinophil

A

type of white blood cell that supports your immune system. a part of the body’s defense system against allergens and infections

39
Q

basophil

A

releases histamine to start inflammation and release heparin

40
Q

monocyte

A

fights off infections

41
Q

macrophage

A

at sites of infection. secrete pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators.

42
Q

neutrophil

A

phagocytic cells active at sites of infection

43
Q

granulocytes

A

leukocytes with granules in the cytoplasm. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

44
Q

factors that decrease oxygenation

A

low blood volume, anemia, low hemoglobin, poor blood flow, pulmonary disease

45
Q

agranulocytes

A

leukocytes without granules in the cytoplasm. lymphocytes and monocytes

46
Q

lymphocyte

A

leukocytes that have B and T cells.

47
Q

inflammation and infection

A

-phagocytosis seek and destroy
-antibodies and activated lymphocytes (nucleocites that are activ ein the lymphocytes)

48
Q

polymorphonuclear neutrophils

A

-active in the blood
-non dividing
-short lived (less than 8 days, days in the tissue)
-dominant number in bloodstream

49
Q

monocytes/macrophages

A

-active in the tissue
-long lived cells (10-20 hours in the blood then into months in the tissue)
-do not circulate
-present in tissue of lungs, spleen, liver, lymph nodes

50
Q

a 6 day supply of phagocytic cells stored in the bone marrow

A

-1/3 stock in the bone marrow

51
Q

monocyte macrophage cell system

A

first line of defense is the tissue in skin or alveolar in the lungs. second line is the lymph nodes

52
Q

what happens when bacteria envades the liver

A

they then face the spleen. this is the point in which you would find out you’re sick

53
Q

walling off effect of inflammation

A
  1. vasodilation: increase local flow
  2. increased capillary permeability
  3. clotting of interstitial fluid
  4. monocytes and neutrophils
  5. swelling of cells
54
Q

actions of phagocytic cells

A

margination, diapedesis, ameboid motion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis

55
Q

cell mediated response to inflammation

A
  1. tissue macrophages: already present in the tissue
  2. neutrophil invasion: margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis, stimulation of bone marrow to release stored leukocytes, 4-5 hours
  3. macrophage proliferation: invasion by circulating monocytes (several hours)
  4. stimulation of granulocyte and monocyte production: 4-5 days from initial inflammation, growth factors produced by tissue macrophages, large number of macrophages arrives
56
Q

innate immunity

A

general ability to resist damaging organisms and toxins.

57
Q

acquire immunity

A

specific. humoral: circulating antibodies (B lymphocytes). cellular: activated cells (T lymphocytes). 100,000 times more potent

58
Q

antigen

A

specialized recognition. unique structure. repeating molecular groups (epitopes). a substance that can induce an immune response when introduced into an immunocompetent host and can react with the antibody produced from that response.

59
Q

what percentage of T cells are destroyed in the thymus?

A

~90%

60
Q

the formation of antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes by a lymph node in response to antigens:

A

dormant lymphocytes -> invasion of body by foreign antigen -> phagocytosis by macrophages -> presentation of antigen to lymphocytes which binds on surface Abs (B cell) or surface receptor protein (T cell)

61
Q

clone lymphocytes

A

specificity for a single antigen generating one Ab or activated T cell

EBME 201 (11 decks)

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