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Biology 120 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Anecdotal Evidence

A

An informal observation that has not been systematically tested

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable (supportable or ejectable) and falsifiable (can be ruled out) explanation to a scientific observation

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3
Q

Peer Review

A

A process in which independent scientific experts read scientific studies before their publications to ensure the authors have appropriately designed and interpreted their study

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4
Q

Control Group

A

The group in an experiment that experiences no experimental intervention or manipulation

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5
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The measured result of an experiment analyzed in both the experimental and control groups

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6
Q

Experimental Group

A

The group in an experiment that experiences the experimental intervention or manipulation.

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7
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable, or factor, being deliberately changed in the experimental group.

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8
Q

Placebo

A

A fake treatment given to control groups to mimic the experience of the experimental groups.

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9
Q

Placebo Effect

A

The effect observed when members of a control group display a measurable response to a placebo because they think that they are receiving a “real” treatment

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10
Q

Sample Size

A

The number of experimental subjects or the number of times an experiment is repeated. In human studies, sample size is the number of subjects.

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11
Q

Scientific Theory

A

A hypothesis that is supported by many years of rigorous testing and thousands of experiments.

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12
Q

Statistical Significance

A

A measure of confidence that the results obtained are “real,” rather than due to random chance.

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13
Q

Correlation

A

A consistent relationship between two variables.

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14
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of patterns of disease in populations, including risk factors.

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15
Q

Cancer

A

A disease of unregulated cell division: cells divide inappropriately and accumulate, in some instances forming a tumor.

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16
Q

Chemotherapy

A

The treatment of disease, specifically cancer, by the use of chemicals.

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17
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The physical division of a cell into two daughter cells.

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18
Q

Mitosis

A

The segregation and separation of duplicated chromosomes during cell division.

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19
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death; often referred to as cellular suicide.

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20
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of cancer cells from one location in the body to another.

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21
Q

Radiation Therapy

A

The use of ionizing (high-energy) radiation to treat cancer.

22
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

23
Q

Carcinogen

A

Any chemical agent causes cancer by damaging DNA. Carcinogens are a type of mutagen.

24
Q

Mutagen

A

Any chemical or physical agent that can damage DNA by changing its nucleotide sequence.

25
Q

Oncogene

A

A mutated and overactive form of a proto-oncogene. Oncogenes drive cells to divide continually.

26
Q

Oncology

A

The branch of medicine and science that deals with Cancer.

27
Q

Antibiotic

A

A chemical that can slow or stop the growth of bacteria; many antibiotics are produced by living organisms.

28
Q

Cell Theory

A

The concept that all living organisms are made of cells and that cells are formed by the reproduction of existing cells.

29
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles, including a central nucleus.

30
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Cells that lack internal membrane-bound organelles.

31
Q

Organelles

A

The membrane-bound compartments of eukaryotic cells that carry out specific functions.

32
Q

Cell Membrane

A

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells.

33
Q

Cell Wall

A

A rigid structure enclosing the cell membrane of some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape. (non-animal)

34
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The gelatinous, aqueous interior of all cells.

35
Q

Nucleus

A

The organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material.

36
Q

Ribosome

A

A complex of RNA and protein that carries out protein synthesis in all cells.

37
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle in plant and algal cells that is the site of photosynthesis.

38
Q

Mitochondria

A

Membrane-bound organelles responsible for important energy-conversion reactions in eukaryotes.

39
Q

FDA

A

Food and Drug Administration: a federal agency responsible for monitoring trading and safety standards in the food and drug industries

40
Q

Toxicology

A

The study of the nature, effects, and detection of poisons and the treatment of poisoning.

41
Q

Blind Trial

A

An experimental procedure in which neither the subjects nor the experimenters know the makeup of the test and control group during the actual course of the experiments

42
Q

What’s determined during the Pre-Clinical Phase (Drug Discovery) ?

A

Dosage, Frequency, Delievery System

Short & Long term animal survival

43
Q

Length of pre-clinical?

A

3 years

44
Q

Phase I

Goal, Subjects (# and type)

A

Safety, 20-80 Healthy People

45
Q

Phase II

Goal, Subjects

A

Effectiveness & Short-term side effects, Experimental & Control group, 100’s of participants

46
Q

Phase III

Goal, Subjects

A

Safety & Effectiveness, 1000’s

47
Q

Phase IV

Goal, Subjects

A

All who take drug, Detection of unexpected side effects

48
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things are made of cells, Cells come from the division of existing cells.

49
Q

Difference in a mutagen & carcinogen?

A

Carcinogen is a mutagen caused by a chemical agent

50
Q

What are three potential outcomes of mistakes in DNA replication?

A

Mismatched new allele
Original allele
New allele

51
Q

Purpose of Mitosis/Cell Division?

A

Embryonic Development, Cell Replacement, Wound Healing

52
Q

Similarities & Differences between Chemo & Radiation

A

Similarities - treat cancer, interfere with Cell division

Differences - Chemical, High-Energy Ions, Whole Body, One Area

Biology 120 (8 decks)

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