Lab Practicum 2 Flashcards
Structural adaption
structural - deals with shape of parts of (internal & external)
Adaptation -
a structural, physiological, or behavioral trait possessed by an which allows it to survive and reproduce in the environment in which it lives.
physiological adaptation
- deals with the chemical reactions that occur within anorganism
behavioral -
deals with the actual actions of organisms
Radial
symmetry - an arrangement of the body parts of an organism like pieces of a pie around an imaginary central axis. Any slice passing longitudinally through a radially symmetrical organism’s central axis divides it into mirror-image halves
Bilateral symmetry -
an arrangement of body parts such that an organism can be divided equally by a single cut passing longitudinally through it. A bilaterally symmetrical organism has a mirror-image right and left sides.
Cryptic coloration
- coloration which blends an organism into its environment (camouflage)
most common adaptation of organisms
used by both predators and prey
Aposematic coloration -
bright, flashy coloration which advertises the animal’s presence to the world but often means that the animal has an unpleasant odor or taste
Mimicry
- animals which look very much like other species which have a successful defense against predators.
Two types of mimicry
Batesian mimicry - a type of mimicry in which a palatable species mimics an unpalatable one
Mullerian mimicry - a type of mimicry in which two unpalatable species that inhabit the same community mimic each other
presumably, both gain an adaptive advantage beyond their own defenses because predators will learn more quickly to avoid any prey with this appearance
Differences in teeth
By observing the teeth arrangement in skulls of mammals, it can be seen that the herbivores differ from those that eat meat (the carnivores and omnivores) –
there is a distinct gap in herbivore teeth between the front incisors and the rear molars, while meat-eaters have teeth that sit side-by-side, without such a gap
What skulls tell us
Brain size (as determined from cranial capacity)
Teeth
Foramen magnum (the opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes) - the location of this part of the skull gives an indication of whether the animal tends to walk on
all 4 limbs (quadripedal) or
its hind limbs (bipedal)
Muscle size (in particular, the muscles involved with chewing or jaw closure) (as determined by the space formed by the zygomatic arch)
Herbivores -
Animals which get their energy by eating plants
Carnivores
- animals which get their energy by eating other animals
Omnivores -
Animals which eat both plants and animals
Homologous -
structures that are similar because of common ancestry (common evolutionary orgins)
Analogous –
structures that are similar in function
Homologous vs. analogous
structures involved with flight
wings of bats, and arms of humans are homologous (same basic bone structure; due to common evolutionary origins)
wings of birds and insects are analogous (both used for flight) but they are not homologous (from common evolutionary origins)
the arms of humans and the wings of bats are homologous, but not analogous
Positive phototaxis –
directed movement towards light
Behavioral defense
Hissing running hiding
COMMUNICATION
Scare predators
Mating.
Food location
Symbiosis
Living on another
• Plants have ______ to their physical (or non-living) environment and their ______ (living) environment
adapted, biotic
• If all the seeds produced by a plant just fell directly to the ground under the parent plant, serious ______ of seedlings - the _____ of many or most would result.
overcrowding, death
3 seed dispersal methods
Wind, Water, Animal
plants are ______ before ripening.
green
cuticle
o they have a coating of wax (a cuticle) that seals in water
Thick and fleshy plants are called _______
Thick and fleshy plants are called succulents.
Cacti are succulents
o surface area / volume ratios of a succulent leaf vs. ordinary leaf is ______ for succulents.
lower
armature
• Many plants (especially desert plants) are armed with an array of spines, thorns,
& prickles - armature
F] WHY DO BROAD LEAVED TREES LOSE THEIR LEAVES
- Major reason to lose leaves - stop damage due to weight of snow on branches
- Other considerations:
o photosynthesis in broad leaves does not take place when the temperature
falls below about 40o F.
o broad leaves are injured when the temperature falls below freezing
o broad leaves can lose a lot of water due to evaporation
Stomates -
small holes on the leaf surface through which gases can pass.
o the ___ forces gas exchange to take place through the ____.
cuticle, stomates
3 ways vines hold on
o aerial roots - roots that grow from stems that are above ground
o tendrils - wire-like structures that function in the support of vines bywrapping around other structures
o twining stems - the whole stem wraps around a support
• Allelochemic -
a chemical produced by a plant to inhibit or repel other plants and animals
L] WHY DO POTATOES HAVE A “SKIN”
let water in, but not out
• The scales on winter buds ______ ______ _____ _ _ _ ___.
protect these delicate tissues from freeze-drying (do not really protect against freezing)
