Lab Practicum 2

Question 0

Structural adaption

Answer 0

structural - deals with shape of parts of (internal & external)

Question 1

Adaptation -

Answer 1

a structural, physiological, or behavioral trait possessed by an which allows it to survive and reproduce in the environment in which it lives.

Question 2

physiological adaptation

Answer 2

• deals with the chemical reactions that occur within anorganism

Question 3

behavioral -

Answer 3

deals with the actual actions of organisms

Question 4

Radial

Answer 4

symmetry - an arrangement of the body parts of an organism like pieces of a pie around an imaginary central axis. Any slice passing longitudinally through a radially symmetrical organism’s central axis divides it into mirror-image halves

Question 5

Bilateral symmetry -

Answer 5

an arrangement of body parts such that an organism can be divided equally by a single cut passing longitudinally through it. A bilaterally symmetrical organism has a mirror-image right and left sides.

Question 6

Cryptic coloration

Answer 6

• coloration which blends an organism into its environment (camouflage)
  most common adaptation of organisms
  used by both predators and prey

Question 7

Aposematic coloration -

Answer 7

bright, flashy coloration which advertises the animal’s presence to the world but often means that the animal has an unpleasant odor or taste

Question 8

Mimicry

Answer 8

• animals which look very much like other species which have a successful defense against predators.

Question 9

Two types of mimicry

Answer 9

Batesian mimicry - a type of mimicry in which a palatable species mimics an unpalatable one
Mullerian mimicry - a type of mimicry in which two unpalatable species that inhabit the same community mimic each other
presumably, both gain an adaptive advantage beyond their own defenses because predators will learn more quickly to avoid any prey with this appearance

Question 10

Differences in teeth

Answer 10

By observing the teeth arrangement in skulls of mammals, it can be seen that the herbivores differ from those that eat meat (the carnivores and omnivores) –
there is a distinct gap in herbivore teeth between the front incisors and the rear molars, while meat-eaters have teeth that sit side-by-side, without such a gap

Question 11

What skulls tell us

Answer 11

Brain size (as determined from cranial capacity)
Teeth
Foramen magnum (the opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes) - the location of this part of the skull gives an indication of whether the animal tends to walk on
all 4 limbs (quadripedal) or
its hind limbs (bipedal)
Muscle size (in particular, the muscles involved with chewing or jaw closure) (as determined by the space formed by the zygomatic arch)

Question 12

Herbivores -

Answer 12

Animals which get their energy by eating plants

Question 13

Carnivores

Answer 13

• animals which get their energy by eating other animals

Question 14

Omnivores -

Answer 14

Animals which eat both plants and animals

Question 15

Homologous -

Answer 15

structures that are similar because of common ancestry (common evolutionary orgins)

Question 16

Analogous –

Answer 16

structures that are similar in function

Question 17

Homologous vs. analogous

Answer 17

structures involved with flight
wings of bats, and arms of humans are homologous (same basic bone structure; due to common evolutionary origins)
wings of birds and insects are analogous (both used for flight) but they are not homologous (from common evolutionary origins)
the arms of humans and the wings of bats are homologous, but not analogous

Question 18

Positive phototaxis –

Answer 18

directed movement towards light

Question 19

Behavioral defense

Answer 19

Hissing running hiding

Question 20

COMMUNICATION

Answer 20

Scare predators
Mating.
Food location

Question 22

Symbiosis

Answer 22

Living on another

Question 23

• Plants have ______ to their physical (or non-living) environment and their ______ (living) environment

Answer 23

adapted, biotic

Question 24

• If all the seeds produced by a plant just fell directly to the ground under the parent plant, serious ______ of seedlings - the _____ of many or most would result.

Answer 24

overcrowding, death

Question 25

3 seed dispersal methods

Answer 25

Wind, Water, Animal

Question 26

plants are ______ before ripening.

Answer 26

green

Question 27

cuticle

Answer 27

o they have a coating of wax (a cuticle) that seals in water

Question 28

Thick and fleshy plants are called _______

Answer 28

Thick and fleshy plants are called succulents.

Cacti are succulents

Question 29

o surface area / volume ratios of a succulent leaf vs. ordinary leaf is ______ for succulents.

Answer 29

lower

Question 30

armature

Answer 30

• Many plants (especially desert plants) are armed with an array of spines, thorns,

& prickles - armature

Question 31

F] WHY DO BROAD LEAVED TREES LOSE THEIR LEAVES

Answer 31

• Major reason to lose leaves - stop damage due to weight of snow on branches
• Other considerations:

o photosynthesis in broad leaves does not take place when the temperature

falls below about 40o F.

o broad leaves are injured when the temperature falls below freezing

o broad leaves can lose a lot of water due to evaporation

Question 32

Stomates -

Answer 32

small holes on the leaf surface through which gases can pass.

Question 33

o the ___ forces gas exchange to take place through the ____.

Answer 33

cuticle, stomates

Question 34

3 ways vines hold on

Answer 34

o aerial roots - roots that grow from stems that are above ground

o tendrils - wire-like structures that function in the support of vines bywrapping around other structures

o twining stems - the whole stem wraps around a support

Question 35

• Allelochemic -

Answer 35

a chemical produced by a plant to inhibit or repel other plants and animals

Question 36

L] WHY DO POTATOES HAVE A “SKIN”

Answer 36

let water in, but not out

Question 37

• The scales on winter buds ______ ______ _____ _ _ _ ___.

Answer 37

protect these delicate tissues from freeze-drying (do not really protect against freezing)