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Biology 120 > Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

• Catalysts

A

substance that speeds up a reaction without being changed in the process.

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1
Q

Two types of microscopes

A

The dissecting and compound microscope.

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2
Q

• Enzyme

A

a protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed into a different molecule in the process

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3
Q

• Substrate

A
  • a substance that an enzyme acts on
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4
Q

substrate from lab

A

hydrogen peroxide

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5
Q

enzyme from lab

A

catalase

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6
Q

end products from lab

A

water & oxygen

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7
Q

blended up liver is called the

A

homogenate

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8
Q

enzymes are highly ____________.

A

specific

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9
Q

as the concentration of enzyme increases….

A

the rate of enzyme reaction increases

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10
Q

enzymes work best at the temperature ________.

A

they are designed for

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11
Q

we used ______ to make our concentration more acidic and _____ to make our solutions basic.

A

hydrochloric acid & sodium hydroxide

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12
Q

Two basic functions of a microscope.

A

Magnification and resolving power

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13
Q

Magnification

A

the increase in the apparent size of an object

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14
Q

Resolving power

A

a measure of the clarity of an image; it is the ability of an optical instrument to show two objects as separate

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15
Q

Three features of a dissecting microscope.

A

 You would use a dissecting microscope rather than a compound microscope to view opaque objects or objects that light cannot pass through  Dissecting microscopes have much lower total magnification than compound microscopes  Dissecting microscopes do not invert the image of the item under view

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16
Q

enzymes work best at what pH?

A

The one they are designed for… 7

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17
Q

What are the four molecules of life?

A

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

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18
Q

Organic molecule

A

• Organic molecule - carbon containing compounds produced by living organisms

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19
Q

The organic molecules in our food are used to

A

o provide energy to our cells o provide the molecules of life (building blocks) to make new cells and cell products

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20
Q

Fatty acids are the ______.

A

Monomer. (Smallest part)

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21
Q

Types of lipids

A

triglycerides (fats & oils), phospholipids (major component of cell membranes) steroids (including cholesterol & steroid hormones)

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22
Q

Define hydrophobic and hydrophilic. Lipids are…

A

• Lipids are hydrophobic - they do not mix with water o Hydrophilic – molecules that mix with water

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23
Q

Triglycerides can be broken into 2 categories

A

Unsaturated (from plants) liquid Saturated (from animals) solid

24
Q

Which molecule has the most calories per gram?

A

Lipids

25
Q

Saturation

A

o saturation – based on the number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon in the molecule

26
Q

hydrogenation

A

o hydrogenation - the process of increasing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms (increasing the saturation) in an unsaturated fat • used to make solid margarine from liquid plant-based oil

27
Q

Emulsifier

A

Emulsifier - chemical used to help mix lipids and water o an emulsifier has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties o common example: dish soap

28
Q

Carbohydrates

A

• These molecules are the most common fuel (energy) molecule for living cells

29
Q

Benedict’s reagent

A

• Benedict’s reagent - chemical that reacts and changes color in the presence of most monosaccharides and disaccharides (excluding sucrose) but does not react in the presence of polysaccharides o Negative test = stays sky blue o Positive test = changes to green, yellow, red to brown

30
Q

Iodine

A

• Iodine (Lugol’s solution)- a chemical that reacts and changes color in the presence of starch (a common polysacharide) o Negative test = light yellow or yellowish brown o Positive test = dark blue-black or very dark purple

31
Q

Proteins

A

• Proteins serve as enzymes, some hormones, and structural components of tissues

32
Q

Features of a compound microscope.

A

 Be able to explain & visualize that compound microscopes invert the image of a specimen. (e.g. what does the letter “f” look like under the compound scope?)  The relationship between “depth of field” and magnification is an inverse relationship (as one increases the other decreases)  Know the basic procedures of using the microscope (e.g. only use coarse focus with scanning objective lens; put microscopes away with scanning lens in place & stage lowered; only use lens paper to clean the lenses; etc.)

33
Q
  1. Plants and animal cells are examples of what type of cells (unlike bacterial cells)
A
  1. Eukaryotes
34
Q
  1. Name two structures that plant cells have that animal cells do not
A
  1. Cell walls, central vacuoles, chloroplasts
35
Q
  1. Name the two main types of cells in the blood.
A
  1. Leukocytes (white blood cells) and erythrocytes (red blood cells)
36
Q
  1. Where does the substrate bind on the enzyme?
A
  1. The active site
37
Q
  1. The respiration process performed by yeast and involved in rising of bread is called ____________
A
  1. Fermentation
38
Q
  1. A denatured enzyme loses its shape and thus, loses its __________
A
  1. Ability to function
39
Q
  1. What function of the microscope is defined as the increase in the apparent size of an object?
A
  1. Magnification
40
Q
  1. As the magnification increases, the depth of field (the distance between the nearest and farthest parts of the specimen that are in focus):
A
  1. Decreases
41
Q
  1. Which microscope inverts the image in the field of view?
A
  1. Compound microscope
42
Q
  1. What is the term for a chemical that helps mix lipids and water?
A
  1. Emulsifier
43
Q
  1. To make a positive control test for the presence of sugar, would you add H20 or 5% glucose to your Benedicts reagent?
A
  1. 5% glucose
44
Q
  1. Which molecule of life is typically hydrophobic?
A
  1. Lipids
45
Q
  1. Name one type of symbiotic relationship
A
  1. Parasitism or mutualism (there is also commensalism, but we did not cover that)
46
Q
  1. A plant that lives and reproduces for many years is called a _______________
A
  1. Perennial
47
Q
  1. The honeysuckle plant or the Bradford pear tree, introduced into its non-native habitat and growing out of control is an example of what type of species?
A
  1. Invasive
48
Q
  1. Once your data is plotted, what must be determined before you can determine whether to accept or reject a hypothesis?
A
  1. Whether your data sets are different
49
Q
  1. If the data from two groups plotted on a number line overlap, what can we conclude about the experimental groups?
A
  1. They are not different
50
Q
  1. What is the purpose of the negative control group?
A
  1. Something to compare the experimental group to, a baseline, a way to see what a negative result will look like.
51
Q

o Annual

A

– a plant that lives and reproduces during a 1 year time span

52
Q

o Biennial

A

– a plant that lives and reproduces during a 2 year time span, often reproducing the second year

53
Q

• Levels of ecological organization

A

o Population – members of one species in a given area o Community – all of the living things in a given area o Ecosystem – both the living and nonliving elements of a particular area that interact and affect the life in that area

54
Q

Nonpoint pollution

A

pollution that enters the environment from widespread origins, especially as the result of runoff after rain

55
Q

Levels of energy transfer in the living world

A

o Producers (autotrophs) – o Primary consumers – o Secondary consumers – o Decomposers –

56
Q

ecology

A

he study of the interactions between organisms and between organisms and their nonliving environment

57
Q

Cell theory

A

o All living things are composed of cells and the products of cells
o All cells come from previously existing cells
o Cells are the fundamental units of life
• Tissues – groups of cells of the same type involved

58
Q

The building blocks of proteins are

A

Amino acids

Biology 120 (8 decks)

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