Terms III Flashcards
Lesbos
5 major poleis: Mytilene*, Methymna, Pyrrha, Antissa, Eresus (some rivalry)
connections to Asia Minor
significant maritime trade; Lesbian amphorae found all over Greek world
aristocratic culture based on wealth from trade
cities join DL after Persian Wars
Sicilian Expedition
an Athenian military expedition to Sicily, which took place 415–413 BC during the Peloponnesian War between the Athenian empire on one side and Sparta, Syracuse and Corinth on the other. The expedition ended in a devastating defeat of the Athenian forces.
the 400
origins in fleet at Samos in 412 BCE (*Alcibiades’ offer of Persian help if oligarchy established, Persian negotiations fail)
set up at Athens in 411
oligarchic clubs (hetaireiai) begin killing prominent leaders of demos
platform: abolition of stipends for civilians, restrict full franchise to 5000 (“serve the state in person or wealth”)
Pisander returns, constitution altered: 5 presiding men who choose 400 with full governing powers
400 never actually summon 5000 to ekklesia
the 30 tyrants
post-defeat (late spring 404), Spartans support installation of oligarchy (part of peace terms)
30 men chosen to run government and revamp constitution following Draco and Solon’s laws (Theramenes, moderate; Critias, extreme) create new boulē, appoint 10 men to control Piraeus, abolish heliaia
also begin murdering opponents (up to 1500, not including those who fled)
Theramenes proposes expanding to 3000, Critias has him executed
early 403, Thrasybulus and others revolt violently; 30 respond by installing Spartan garrison on Acropolis
battle at Piraeus in Spring, Critias killed
30 replaced with 10, then negotations with Thrasybulus
democracy restored by Fall 403, amnesty for most (except 30)
agogē
rigorous education and training program mandated for all male Spartan citizens, except for the firstborn son in the ruling houses, Eurypontid and Agiad. The training involved cultivating loyalty to the Spartan group, military training, hunting, dancing, singing, and social preparation.
Classical Boeotia
heavily agricultural
many smaller settlements with Thebes in south, Orchomenos in north; Tanagra, Plataea also major settlements
larger cities exercise power over smaller settlements
Boeotian Confederacy (federation with Thebes as hegemon) founded at end of 6th cent. BCE; magistrates=boeotarchs
“dancefloor of war”
post-Persian Wars, confederacy weakened
Athens able to take control of Boeotia in First Peloponnesian War, loses control in 447 BCE
mostly on Spartan side in Peloponnesian War, except Plataea
Amphipolis
originally a Thracian settlement (Ennea Hodoi)
Athenians unsuccessfully attempt to colonize in 497 and 465 BCE
finally colonized by Hagnon (son of Nicias) in 437/6
trade, timber, minerals
The Peace of Callias
treaty with Persians post-Salamis (*Cyprus)
not mentioned in Thucydides, mentioned by Diodorus Siculus (1st cent. BCE)
existence debated since 4th cent. BCE
treaty after Eurymedon?
supposed terms (consistent among ancient sources): Greek cities of Asia autonomous, Persian satraps not allowed to travel close to Aegean, Persian warships cannot sail close to Aegean, Athenians cannot send troops to Persian lands
The Melian Dialogue
Thucydides 5.85-111
summer of 416: Athenians send a significant force (30 ships and 3100 hoplites) to Melos to bring Melos into the DL
negotiations between Athenians and ambassadors commence, unsatisfactory conclusion for both sides
Siege of Melos: final surrender in winter 416/415, all men killed, women and children enslaved
Athens establishes a cleruchy on Melos
hetaireiai
oligarchic clubs
Corinthian War
Thebes, Corinth, Athens, Argos, and others vs. Sparta
concerns over Spartan power in Asia Minor, mainland
Corinth in particular concerned about Sparta on Sicily
*council at Corinth
The Sacred Band
379 BCE: Theban democrats overthrow oligarchs, expel Spartan garrison (*Athenian assistance)
Thebes led by Epaminondas (politics) and Pelopidas (military) (part of 7 Boetarchs)
elite infantry unit formed (Sacred Band): counterpoint to Spartan infantry?
300 men, 150 pairs of lovers, paid by state
much discussion in ancient sources; hard to assess actual impact
The Second Athenian League (370s)
post-379 BCE: Athenians and Thebans ally against Sparta
establishment of Second Athenian League (naval confederacy): allied states remain independent and anonymous, with current governments, no garrisons, tribute, or magistrates; 2 assemblies in charge, Athenian ekklesia and synedrion (assembly of allies); contributions from allies; 70 members (*many former members of DL)
Spartans defeated at sea at Naxos (376) and Alyzeia (375)
371: Boeotians defeat Spartans at Leuctra; cavalry on front lines, Sacred Band pushes Spartan infantry back (defeat of Spartan infantry)
The Macedonian Phalanx
form developed by Philip
brings in peasant soldiers (S. Greek model); extensive training
more flexible than previous versions (use of subunits)
use of sarisa (4-6 metres long)
typically used to pin down enemy forces while cavalry swept in
