Terms II

Question 1

Peloponessian Leauge

Answer 1

-*name assigned by modern scholars; ancient name=“The Lacedaimonians and their Allies”
-earliest and longest-lasting summachia (origins in 6th cent. BCE)
-not entirely limited to poleis on the Peloponnese members not precisely allied to one another (when not at war through the summachia, often waged war on one another)
allies swear to have same friends and enemies as Sparta, to follow the Spartans wherever they lead
-Sparta vows to aid an ally (when attacked) with all abilities
-Sparta can summon and preside over assembly of allies (each has 1 vote)
-Sparta not bound by decisions of assembly, but needed assent of assembly for its proposals
-Spartans always in command of military; decided how many troops each ally should send
-League shields Sparta (vulnerable helots in hinterlands
-Sparta supports aristocrats and oligarchs in allied states

Question 2

Delian Leauge

Answer 2

-allies meet on Delos
-each member=1 vote (incl. Athens)
-members=cities of Ionia, Hellespont, Propontis; Aegean islands
-tribute taken to Delos annually
-members take permanent oath of loyalty
-anti-Persian agenda (esp. in Thrace, Asia Minor)
victory at Eurymedon in 466 (*Cimon)
-tribute was collected by the Athenians before the Delian League treasury left Delos by the hellenotamiai who handed it over to magistrates
-In 454/3, the Athenians started the practice of inscribing aparchai (the first-fruits given to Athena, and 1/60th of the total allotted tribute from each city-state)
-tribute ranged from 300 drachmae to 30 talents and was reassessed every 4 years

Question 3

strategos

Answer 3

military general

Question 4

medizing

Answer 4

the imitation of, sympathizing with, collaboration with, or siding with Persians.

Question 5

archon

Answer 5

•ruler
3 archons:
-archon basileus (religious cult/ritual, judge in religious matters),
-polemarch (commander of the army),
-eponymous archon (leading office, supervises all public matters, presides over assembly, judge)

Question 6

Cleisthenes Reforms

Answer 6

• unrest after end of Peisistratids, rivalry of wealthy families; passes reforms in ekklēsia
• abolishes traditional phylai, creates 10 new
• trittyes (“thirds”)
• demonyms instead of patronyms
• boulē of 500: 50/phylē, chosen by lot, distributed by population
• 10 prytaneis/year
• army reorganized by phylē (10 elected strategoi)

Question 7

Ostracisum

Answer 7

• in 6th prytany, ekklēsia asked whether or not to hold an ostracism (10-year exile)
• 2 prytaneis later, ostracism held in agora
• name inscribed on potsherd (ostrakon)
• if enough (6000?), must leave Attica within 10 days
• no atimia, no defence
• 506-322 BCE

Question 8

magistrates

Answer 8

known as archē or timē
selection by lot (except strategoi)
30 +, citizen of good standing
1-year terms
archons
archon basileus (“king archon”): civic cults; judge lawsuits pertaining to cults, religious matters
polemarch: originally head of Athenian army (*downgraded in power post-Marathon); lawsuits involving metics and xenoi
eponymous archon: highest-ranking official; presides over ekklēsia and boulē
mid-5th century: ca. 700 domestic,700 imperial

Question 9

dokimasia

Answer 9

preliminary hearing before taking office
questions: treat parents well? Pay taxes? Perform military service?
produce witnesses to character
opportunity for accuser to come forward
vote by boulē
oath of office taken

Question 10

euthunai

Answer 10

“straightening”
rendering of accounts at the end of a year in office
logos: statement of account
euthynai: opportunity to object to magistrate’s conduct in office; can go to court

Question 11

the Sophists

Answer 11

5th cent. BCE
itinerant teachers; higher education
rhetoric, language, natural philosophy (inquiry)
“make the weaker argument the stronger”
Athens: high fees, popular among young men; provoke traditionalists (criticism of religion and morality)
connections to Sicily

Question 12

Socrates

Answer 12

no writings remain; dialogues of Plato and Xenophon, comedies of Aristophanes (*Socratic problem)
citizen of Athens; avoided active participation in politics
elenchos; “teaches” through dialectical argument; no fees
charged with impiety and corrupting the youth, put to death

Question 13

Symposium

Answer 13

typically upper-class male drinking party
during Archaic Period, arises from communal feasting after sacrifice
begin with libation/prayers
guests wear garlands
approx. 14-30 guests reclining on couches (left arm) in andron
wine mixed with water and drunk at pace determined by symposiarch
ends with komos through streets
emphasis on men and status (elite groups)
“citizen” women not invited, although female sex-workers and entertainers often present
transmission of traditional elite values
organization of political action
competition (poetry, kottabos, etc.)
often highly erotically charged
symposium becomes indicative of Greek culture to others (cultural export)

Question 14

sophrosune

Answer 14

sophrosune
             moderation
             discipline
             self-control
food, drink, and sex

Question 15

ta aphrodisia

Answer 15

sources by men for men
all men assumed to be interested in boys
desire for boys does not exclude desire for women
not whom but how
status – no reciprocal desire between equals (ideals vs. realities)

Question 16

erastes/eromenos

Answer 16

erastes (“lover”)
eromenos  (“beloved”)
chasing and playing hard-to-get
education/ improvement
symposium

Question 17

plauge of Athens

Answer 17

entire populace evacuated and housed within city walls
minimal (shared) sources of fresh water
strikes in 430 BCE; returns in 429 and 427/426
carried by sailors coming into port?
roughly 1/3 of population killed (incl. Pericles)
need to dispose of dead (massive pyres/mass grave)
great supplication of gods/use of divination
some victims driven to throw themselves into reservoirs
high mortality among attendants
dead left in street; sick unattended
sanctuaries full of corpses (*pollution)
hasty burial rites
breakdown of laws/customs

Question 18

dithyramb

Answer 18

hymn to Dionysus
likely accompanied by aulos
sung by chorus of up to 50
men and boys (1 each from each tribe)
dance in circular formation?
evidence as early as 7th cent. BCE

Question 19

comedy

Answer 19

Athens; 5th cent. BCE
“Old”, “Middle”, “New” Comedy
performed at Dionysia and Lenaea; competition
5 comedies at each

Question 20

satyr plays

Answer 20

4th in a tetralogy
chorus of satyrs
bawdy, sexual humour
topics from epic/myth