Reverse Terms II Flashcards
379 BCE: Theban democrats overthrow oligarchs, expel Spartan garrison (*Athenian assistance)
Thebes led by Epaminondas (politics) and Pelopidas (military) (part of 7 Boetarchs)
elite infantry unit formed (Sacred Band): counterpoint to Spartan infantry?
300 men, 150 pairs of lovers, paid by state
much discussion in ancient sources; hard to assess actual impact
The Sacred Band
spear used by the Macedonian Phalanx
sarisa
treaty with Persians post-Salamis (*Cyprus)
not mentioned in Thucydides, mentioned by Diodorus Siculus (1st cent. BCE)
existence debated since 4th cent. BCE
treaty after Eurymedon?
supposed terms (consistent among ancient sources): Greek cities of Asia autonomous, Persian satraps not allowed to travel close to Aegean, Persian warships cannot sail close to Aegean, Athenians cannot send troops to Persian lands
The Peace of Callias
rigorous education and training program mandated for all male Spartan citizens, except for the firstborn son in the ruling houses, Eurypontid and Agiad. The training involved cultivating loyalty to the Spartan group, military training, hunting, dancing, singing, and social preparation.
agogē
the imitation of, sympathizing with, collaboration with, or siding with Persians.
medizing
•ruler
archon
(religious cult/ritual, judge in religious matters),
archon basileus
archon (commander of the army),
polemarch
(leading office, supervises all public matters, presides over assembly, judge)
eponymous archon
- unrest after end of Peisistratids, rivalry of wealthy families; passes reforms in ekklēsia
- abolishes traditional phylai, creates 10 new
- trittyes (“thirds”)
- demonyms instead of patronyms
- boulē of 500: 50/phylē, chosen by lot, distributed by population
- 10 prytaneis/year
- army reorganized by phylē (10 elected strategoi)
Cleisthenes Reforms
- in 6th prytany, ekklēsia asked whether or not to hold an ostracism (10-year exile)
- 2 prytaneis later, ostracism held in agora
- name inscribed on potsherd (ostrakon)
- if enough (6000?), must leave Attica within 10 days
- no atimia, no defence
- 506-322 BCE
ostracisum
preliminary hearing before taking office questions: treat parents well? Pay taxes? Perform military service? produce witnesses to character opportunity for accuser to come forward vote by boulē oath of office taken
dokimasia
“straightening”
rendering of accounts at the end of a year in office
logos: statement of account
euthynai: opportunity to object to magistrate’s conduct in office; can go to court
euthunai
moderation
discipline
self-control
food, drink, and sex
sophrosune
sources by men for men
all men assumed to be interested in boys
desire for boys does not exclude desire for women
not whom but how
status – no reciprocal desire between equals (ideals vs. realities)
ta aphrodisia
lover beloved chasing and playing hard-to-get education/ improvement symposium
erastes (“lover”)
eromenos (“beloved”)
hymn to Dionysus likely accompanied by aulos sung by chorus of up to 50 men and boys (1 each from each tribe) dance in circular formation? evidence as early as 7th cent. BCE
dithyramb
4th in a tetralogy
bawdy, sexual humour
topics from epic/myth
satyr plays
citizen soilders, infantry
a heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece.
hoplite armies
the art or practice of formal speaking in public: the gift of persuasive.
oratory
states agree to fight together against a common enemy (offensive and defensice) have the same freinds and enimes
symmachia
defensive alliance only
epimachia
indicating a group of public treasurers. Were ten magistrates appointed by the Athenians to receive the contributions of the allied states, and were the chief financial officers of the Delian League. They were first appointed in 477 BC, when Athens, in consequence of the conduct of the Spartan general Pausanias, had obtained the command of the allied states.
hellenotamiai
were a subjugated population group that formed the main population of Laconia and Messenia, the territory controlled by Sparta. Their exact status was already disputed in antiquity: according to Critias, they were “slaves to the utmost”,[1] whereas according to Pollux, they occupied a status “between free men and slaves”.[2] Tied to the land, they primarily worked in agriculture as a majority and economically supported the Spartan citizens
helots
A form of Athenian colony in the time of Ancient Greece, under which the settlers retained their citizenship, and were assigned plots, or kleroi, of agricultural land, while the community remained a political dependency of Athens.
cleruchies
The reforms made it virtually impossible to influence or bribe the citizen jurors because 1) all trials were concluded in one day, and 2) juries were large (from several hundred to several thousand). There was no judge to instruct the jurors, nor any lawyers to harangue them—only an official to keep fights from breaking out. Jurors made up their own minds after hearing speeches made by the plaintiffs and defendants, who spoke on their own behalf and sometimes called their friends and supporters to do so. The accuser and the accused, although they were required to speak for themselves, might pay someone else to compose their speech to the court, which they then delivered as if it consisted of their own words. A majority vote of the jurors ruled, and there was no appeal from the decision of the court
Ephialtes reforms
-a treaty, signed between the ancient Greek city-states Athens and Sparta, in the year 446/445 BCE. The treaty brought an end to the conflict commonly known as the First Peloponnesian War, which had been raging since c. 460 BCE.
- 446 BCE: agreement between Athens and Sparta to end 1st Peloponnesian War
- Athens relinquishes several recent acquisitions (Troezen, Achaea, *Boeotia)
- retain Euboea (recently revolted)
- no aspect of treaty that acknowledged other Athenian holdings (i.e. “Empire”)
30 year peace
monarchy
basileia
was the supreme court of ancient Athens
judging body
or
structure where they meet
hélaia
term for tribe or clan. Members of the same phyle were known as symphyletai, literally: fellow tribesmen. They were usually ruled by a basileus. Some of them can be classified by their geographic location: the Geleontes, the Argadeis, the Hopletes, and the Agikoreis, in Ionia; the Hylleans, the Pamphyles, the Dymanes, in the Dorian region.
phylé
594 Attempting to balance political power between rich and poor, Solon ranked male citizens into four classes according to their income6: “five-hundred-measure men” (pentakosiomedimnoi , those with an annual income equivalent to that much agricultural produce), “horsemen” (hippeis , income of three hundred measures), “yoked men” (zeugitai , two hundred measures), and “laborers” (thetes, less than two hundred measures). The higher a man’s class, the higher the governmental office for which he was eligible, with the laborer class barred from all posts. Solon did reaffirm the right of this class to participate in the assembly (ekklesia ), however. Solon probably created a council (boule) of four hundred7 men to prepare an agenda for the discussions in the assembly, although some scholars place this innovation later than Solon’s time. Aristocrats could not dominate the council’s deliberations because its members were chosen by lot, probably only from the top three income classes. Solon may also have initiated a schedule of regular meetings for the assembly. These reforms gave added impetus to the assembly’s legislative role and thus indirectly laid a foundation for the political influence that the “laborer” (thete ) class would gradually acquire over the next century and a half.
Solon’s reforms
The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law. In ancient Rome, a magistratus was one of the highest ranking government officers, and possessed both judicial and executive power
magistrate
