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Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. > Terms (chapter 1-18) > Flashcards

Terms (chapter 1-18) Flashcards

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1
Q

Limnology

A

Study of inland waters: lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams, wetlands and estuaries

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2
Q

Aphotic or Tropholytic Zone

A

The volume of water or the area of sediments where the photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) is < 1% of that entering the water and where plant respiration is larger than plant photosynthesis
–> little to no sunlight

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3
Q

Benthos

A

The community associated with the bottom– refers most community to the animal community

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4
Q

Catchment, drainage basin or watershed

A

The area of land that land drains towards on aquatic system

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5
Q

Ecosystem

A

The unit of organization in which all living organisms collectively interact with the physical/ chemical enviro as an integrated system

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6
Q

Epilimnion

A

The surface-mixed (turbulent) layer in those lakes that exhibit a vertical temp stratification, with the lower boundary in content with the metalimnion

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7
Q

Hypolimnion

A

The deep, cooler layer of a stratified lake lying below the metalimnion, characterized by a greatly reduced turbulence and usually insufficient light to allow algal growth

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8
Q

Lentic System

A

Standing water system (ponds, lakes) in which the flow is primarily imposed by wind and heat is not primarily unidirectional

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9
Q

Littoral Zone

A

The near-shore region of lakes and lowland rivers where the sediments lie within the photic zone and where the shallower water flora is frequently dominated physically by macrophytes

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10
Q

Lotic System

A

Primarily unidirectional flowing water systems imposed by gravity (e.g.. rivers and streams)

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11
Q

Macrophytes

A

Community of multicellular emergent and submerged large plants dominating the shallow portions of littoral zones, lakes, slow-flowing rivers and wetlands

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12
Q

Metalimnion

A

The transition layer of water, between the epilimnion and hypolimnion, in which the temp declines with increasing depth

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13
Q

Mixed Layer

A

The upper water layer recently mixed by wind or temp induced currents (e.g.. surface area). = Epilimnion stratified lakes

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14
Q

Pelagic, Lacustrine or Limnetic Zone

A

The open water region beyond the littoral zone

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15
Q

Photic, Euphotic or Trophogenic Zone

A

The volume of water in which algal photosynthesis is on a diurnal basis, greater than algal respiration (PAR is > 1% of that entering the water

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16
Q

Plankton

A

The microscopic and small macroscopic community of the open water adapted to suspension and subject to passive movements imposed by wind and current
(eg. phytoplankton –> plant plankton and bacterioplankton and zooplankton –> animal plankton

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17
Q

Profundal Zone

A

The deep region (hypolimnion) of stratifying lakes, but mostly used with reference to deep-water sediments and their biota

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18
Q

Wetlands

A

Transition zones between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the soil are waterlogged for at least part of the year or covered by shallow waters, and which are typically occupied by rooted aquatic vegetation

  • -> land consisting of marshes or swamps
  • -> saturated lands
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19
Q

Name 3 challenges about measuring water

A
  1. Scale
  2. Amount of detail
  3. How to interpret the info
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20
Q

Name 5 different processes

A
  1. Production and Respiration
  2. Species interaction
  3. Growth and Loss Rates
  4. Physiology
  5. Biochemistry
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21
Q

What is the hierarchy order of organisms (largest to smallest)

A

Ecosystems > Communities > Population > Cells > Organisms

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22
Q

Keystone Species

A

Species that exert a major import on the behaviour on the system as a whole
Eg) Daphnia, zebra mussels

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23
Q

What can be define with using distinct boundaries

A

Structure and Function

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24
Q

What year was the Secchi disc developed?

A

1865

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25
Q

When was limnology first studied?

A

1901

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26
Q

When were lakes recognized to be an open system?

A

1915

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27
Q

Spatial Scale

A

Linkages between organism size and related processes

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28
Q

Is water a liquid crystal or true liquid? Why?

A

Water is liquid crystal because of its weak covalent bonds
- Liquid crystal: a substance that flows like a liquid but has some degree of ordering in the arrangement of its molecules

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29
Q

What are 5 properties of water

A
  1. High surface tension
  2. Moderate Viscosity
  3. Excellent solvent
  4. Dense at lower temps
  5. Essential for life
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30
Q

Specific Heat Capacity

A

Is the amount of heat need to raise or lower the temp of 1g of a substance by 1 deg C
–> takes 4.187 J to heat 1g of water to 1 deg C

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31
Q

Why is water important?

A

Without water there would be no photosynthesis resulting in no life on earth

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32
Q

How much of the worlds total water is fresh? And how much of that is accessible for human usage?

A

2.6% and 0.3%

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33
Q

Where does the fresh water not used by humans go?

A

Glaciers, ice caps, ground water

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34
Q

What is the most limiting resource on earth?

A

Freshwater

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35
Q

Water Residence Time (WRT)

A

Is the amount of water in a reservoir divided by either the rate of addition of water to the reservoir or the rate of loss from it
Groundwater = Long WRT
Lakes = Medium
Wetlands/rivers = Short

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36
Q

What are the top 3 counties supplied with water per capita?

A
  1. New Zealand
  2. Canada
  3. Norway
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37
Q

What are 3 critical roles wetlands and lakes play in?

A
  1. Organic chemical degradation
  2. Storage
  3. Water Purification
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38
Q

Name 5 things nourishment is greatly effected by

A
  1. Deforestation
  2. Pollution of freshwater
  3. Dam construction
  4. Increase catchment nutrient release
  5. With-drawl for human/ agricultural use
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39
Q

What can and can’t saline water be use for?

A 
Can = extraction of salts (eg. NaCl)
Cant = Drink or use for irrigation
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40
Q

River Discharge

A

is the volume of water flowing through a river channel

–> discharge from a drainage basin depends on precipitation, evapotranspiration and storage factors

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41
Q

Subsurface Runoff

A

Water that infiltrates in the unsaturated zone, from rain, snow melt, or other sources and moves laterally throwers the streams

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42
Q

Groundwater

A

Water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rocks

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43
Q

Aquifer

A

A body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater

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44
Q

Water table

A

The level below which the ground water is saturated with water

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45
Q

What does runoff carry?

A

Dissolved materials to streams

eg) plant nutrients, organic matter, pesticides and other contaminants

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46
Q

What are 4 things that clear cutting cause?

A
  1. Nutrient update diminish
  2. Transpiration markedly reduced
  3. UV radiation reduced
  4. Growth inhibiting
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47
Q

What are 3 effects of clear cutting?

A
  1. Increase in stream discharge
  2. Increase in sediment erosion
  3. Accelerated loss of dissolved and particulate nutrient and organic matter
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48
Q

What are 3 advantages of forest vegetation?

A
  1. Stabilizes soil
  2. Reduces erosion
  3. Provides high transpiration that reduces runoff
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49
Q

Proglacial Lakes

A

Small lakes formed by ice barriers when glaciers retreated and blocked natural outflows

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50
Q

Kettle or Pothole Lakes

A

When drift covered charge blocks of ice that had been broken off the glacier, once melted formed relatively deep small lakes

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51
Q

Ice-Scour Lakes

A

Most abundant of all the glacial lakes, produced by retreating glacier scaring and gouging the jointed and fractured bedrock, creating a vast number of shallow basins now occupied by lakes, ponds and wetlands

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52
Q

Erosion Lakes

A

Glaciers scoured deep, often large basins where advancing ice sheets moved through existing valleys with relatively soft or highly fractured rocks

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53
Q

Tectonic Lakes

A

The forces that bring about warping of the earths surface, resulting in contain formation or lowering of an area

  • -> most common in areas with low rain fall
  • -> continues to deep and widen
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54
Q

Coastal Lakes

A

They are recent lakes because sea level only stabilized 6,000 years ago, after glacial melting ended. They are usually formed when a spit or bar builds up between headlands of marine and vert large freshwater bays
–> most remain slightly salted

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55
Q

Riverine Lakes

A

Wide variety of riverine lakes and this lake type dominates low latitude
–> most common are formed in floodplains and river deltas

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56
Q

Volcanic Lakes

A

Located in creators formed after an eruption and those resulting for flowing lava damming river allies

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57
Q

Solution of Karst Lakes

A

Are typically small, lying in basins of highly soluble rock (mostly limestone)
–> caves are also formed during similar processes

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58
Q

3 kinds of volcanic lakes

A
  1. formed after directly ejected through volcanic cone of underlying materials
  2. Those (often small and deep) produced following underground explosions brought about by hot lave (magma) coming on contact with groundwater or by degassing of magma
  3. Much larger craters resulting from collapse of the earths surface overlying an area (magma)
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59
Q

Limestone

A

is a rock soluble union contact with slightly acidic waters, created when CO2 released with water from precipitation yielding carbonic acid

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60
Q

Morphometry

A

Process of measuring the external shape and dimensions of landforms, living organisms or other objects

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61
Q

Bathymetric Map

A

Standard way of recording the morphometry of lakes

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62
Q

Fetch

A

Distance over which wind can blow and bring about turbulence

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63
Q

Stratify

A

Form layers

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64
Q

What 2 things help determine if a lake will stratify?

A
  1. Surface Area

2. Max Depth

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65
Q

What 3 things increase with increasing surface area?

A
  1. Number or plants
  2. Number of fish
  3. Number of invertebrate species
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66
Q

What are 3 effects of relatively deep lakes?

A
  1. Small fraction of likes surface area
  2. Decrease in light (and O2)
  3. Unproductive
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67
Q

What are 2 effects of transparent lakes?

A
  1. Disproportionally large surface area

2. Increase in growth and productivity

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68
Q

What does nutrient loading do with increasing means depth?

A

Decrease

–> in both saline and freshwater lakes

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69
Q

What are 5 things the underwater slope effects?

A
  1. Steepness and extend of the lateral zone
  2. Sediment stability and structure
  3. Sediment accumulation
  4. Angle by which waves and current impact the lake bottom
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70
Q

What are 4 things slope has an effect on?

A
  1. How well aquatic plants are rooted
  2. Stability of littoral zone
  3. Suitable habitat for fish feeding
  4. Abundance and distribution of benthic invertebrates
71
Q

P normally has the lowest supply:demand ratio in what temperate zone?
- P is limiting nutrient

A

Oligotrophic (nutrient poor)

72
Q

What is considered the primary limiting nutrient for phytoplankton?

A

Phosphorus (P)

73
Q

N has the lowest supply:demand ratio in what temperate zone?

- N is limiting nutrient

A

Eutrophic (nutrient rich)

74
Q

What increases biomass?

A

Nutrients (P and N)

75
Q

River Continuum Concept (RCC)

A
  • 1st conceptual framework for viewing lotic
  • Links stream size, OM, and structuring in invertebrate communities within the channel from headwater to mouth
  • Illustrates stream order
76
Q

Allochthonous

A

Outside the aquatic system

77
Q

What was considered to be the main source of energy in undisturbed, low order streams and covered by shaded trees?

A

Organic matter

78
Q

Stream Order

A

Is a measure of the relative size of streams

79
Q

!st Stream Order

A

Small, branched, upper tributaries of a permanently flowing river system

80
Q

2nd Streams Order

A

Streams receiving 2 or more 1st order streams

81
Q

Name 5 things that greatly affect lotic systems

A
  1. Forestry
  2. Agriculture
  3. Development
  4. Construction
  5. Fires
82
Q

What are 3 things that are effected by forest fires/ cutting open up canopies?

A
  1. Reduced input of allochthonous OM
  2. Increase in temp
  3. Increase in primary production
83
Q

Increase in open agricultural leads to…

A

Decrease in habitat index rate

84
Q

Increase stream gradient (slope) leads to…

A
  • Increase discharge rates

- Decrease depth

85
Q

What are 3 things well-vegetated buffer zones reduce?

A
  1. Reduce stream bank erosion
  2. Reduce trap soil particles and absorbed nutrients on land
  3. Reduce heat reaching the water
86
Q

Ecotones

A

A region of transition between 2 biological communities

87
Q

Riparian Zone

A

Is the interface between land and a river or stream

88
Q

Hyporheic Zone

A

Saturated interstitial areas beneath the stream bed and into the banks that contain some channel water

89
Q

Floodplain

A

An area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river formed mainly of river sediments and subject to flooding

90
Q

What is the most important nutrient source to rivers and lakes near urban areas?

A

Sewage wastewater

91
Q

What is a major source of nutrient loading in small catchment areas?

A

Atmospheric loading

92
Q

Terrestrial Catchment

A

All nutrients that nourish inland waters

93
Q

Aerial Catchment

A

Nutrients that enter the aquatic system through deposition of drywall and wet fall

94
Q

Good and bad qualities of increase catchment size

A 
Good = Larger area to catch water and drain
Bad = Larger distance for nutrients to be processed
95
Q

What are a major source of methane and CO2 for the atmosphere?

A

Wetlands

96
Q

Increase in water resistance leads to…

A

Decrease in dissolved organic carbon loading

97
Q

Y - Axis

A

Dependent variable

98
Q

X - Axis

A

Independent variable

99
Q

When slope for drainage basin decreases this leads to…

A

Increase in area of catchment

100
Q

Small Catchment

A

Steeper slope

101
Q

Large catchment

A

Low slope

102
Q

Drainage density decrease leads to…

A

Increase catchment

103
Q

Tomography

A

Helps to determine stream morphology as we al the surface shape and size of lakes, their underwater form and depth and the abundance of wetlands

104
Q

Water Residence Time (WRT)

A

The team the water has been in the system or its “age”

105
Q

WRT is an ideal surrogate for what 4 things?

A
  1. Supple to aquatic systems
  2. Time allows for particles to sediment in lakes rather than flushed out
  3. Indicator of productivity of aquatic systems
  4. Rough time measures
106
Q

What does a small drainage ratio imply?

A

Implies a small area bale to collect precipitation and release nutrients

107
Q

High transparency has….

A
  • Low TP
  • High grazer
  • Low Chl
  • High O2
108
Q

Low Transparency has…

A
  • High TP
  • Loz grazer
  • High Chl
  • Low O2
109
Q

As WRT increase this leads to …

A

Decrease in dissolved organic carbon loading

110
Q

What are 3 things solar radiation do?

A
  1. Drive photosynthesis
  2. Permits vision
  3. determines the amount of solar energy
111
Q

What do wind energy and local heating determine?

A

If a lake will stratify and if so at what depth

112
Q

UV range (in nm)

A

100-400nm

113
Q

Infrared range (in nm)

A

700-3,000nm

114
Q

PAR or visible light range (in nm)

A

400-700nm

115
Q

Surface of water read amount of radiation is affected by what?

A

Latitude

116
Q

Photometers

A

an instrument for measuring the intensity of light

117
Q

As thickness increases this leads to…

A

Decrease in light transmittance

118
Q

The fraction of PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) entering the water is determined by what? (3 things)

A
  1. Sunds angle
  2. Waves
  3. Ice or snow cover
119
Q

Increase in shade lead to…

A

Decrease in incident radiation

120
Q

Light absorption and reflection is low in what kind of ice?

A

Black ice because it cuts out any nutrients from entering the water

121
Q

Red

A

Longer wavelengths (600-700nm)

122
Q

Blue

A 
Shorter wavelength (less than 400nm)
- transmitted best in transparent waters
123
Q

Fraction of cell volume packed with pigment decreases this leads to…

A

Increasing cell size

124
Q

UV-C

A

(40-280nm)
Strongly absorbed by the atmosphere that negligible quantity reach the earth
Most dangerous

125
Q

UV-B

A

(280-320nm)

Extremely injurious to organisms by damaging DNA and disrupting photosynthetic processes as well as pigment stability

126
Q

UV-A

A 
(320-400nm)
Has been shown to cause minor photo damage and to reduce growth rates of algae, bacterial and protozoans
- less energy per photon 
- Least dangerous 
- Better transmitted (less absorbed)
127
Q

As US light decreases leads to…

A

Increase in depth

128
Q

Kd

A

Vertical absorption coefficient

  • Low Kd = higher heat content (transparency)
  • High Kd = lower heat content (transparency)
129
Q

Absorption rate decreases, when…

A

Depth increases

130
Q

Secchi Disc

A

1st instrument used to provide a measure of water transparency
- can gather

131
Q

Limitations of Secchi Disc (2 things)

A

Measurements can be affected by

  1. vision of the individual
  2. Roughness of water
132
Q

Mictic

A

Mixing

133
Q

With older temp waters ….

A

there will be more salt, making it more dense and decreasing its depth

134
Q

Turnover

A

The time it takes to go from periods of stratification to periods of mixing

135
Q

Temperate Lakes

A

(summer strat) separated by 2 periods of mixing at the temp of max density, when water temp is the same everywhere

136
Q

Tropical Lakes

A

1 period each of strat and mixing, with the temp never declines below 3.94 deg C

137
Q

Polar Lakes

A

Exhibiting as inverse temp strat, except for a period of summer mixing and having a water temp never higher than 3.94 deg C

138
Q

Amitotic lakes are permanently covered by what?

A

Ice and its not mixed

139
Q

Cold Monomictic Lakes

A
  • covered with ice expect for summer
  • no higher than 4 deg C
  • wind turbulence
  • unstratified
  • single period of mixing
140
Q

Cold Polymictic Lakes

A
  • shallow
  • wind exposure
  • ice covered not in summer
141
Q

Warm Polymictic Lakes

A
  • shallow
  • no ice ever
  • small that storage capacity
  • stratification happens daily
142
Q

Dimictic Lakes

A
  • ice covered part of the year
  • stably strat
  • 2 periods of the year for mixing (di)
  • ice free days depend on temp
143
Q

Warm Monomictic Lakes

A
  • lack ice

- singel strat per year and mixing the rest of the time

144
Q

Increase in transparency leads to

A

Increase in mixing depth

145
Q

Where is max O2 found?

A

In the middle (metalimnion)

146
Q

What 5 things help to determine the gradient?

A
  1. Fetch
  2. Solar radiation
  3. Shore line morphometry
  4. Wind protection
  5. Turbidity
147
Q

What do climatic models predict?

A
  1. Warmer temps

2. Soil moisture

148
Q

Temp increases, so does

A

Species richness

149
Q

As P increases so does…

A

Chl

150
Q

Why are dissolved inorganic carbon important for aquatic systems? (4 things)

A
  1. Buffers freshwater against rapid pH changes
  2. Determines amount available for photosynthesis
  3. Great bonding capacity for bicarbonate and carbonate
  4. Removes inorganic carbon
151
Q

Most lakes are supersaturated with what?

A

CO2

152
Q

Inorganic carbon depletion occur in…. (3 places)

A
  1. Productive lakes
  2. Limiting rates of phytoplankton
  3. Submerged macrophyte photosynthesis
153
Q

pH

A

The alkalinity or acidity of water (acidic:1-14:basic)

154
Q

What are most freshwater pH?

A

6-9

155
Q

Low species richness is due to… (5 things)

A
  1. Acidified water
  2. High toxic levels of metals
  3. High temp
  4. High sulphur levels
  5. High levels of trace minerals
156
Q

Intense fish predation leads to…

A

Increase in phytoplankton and CO2 removal

157
Q

Removal od zooplankton fish leads to…

A

Increase in water clarity

158
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Less photosynthesis and more respiration

159
Q

Autotrophic

A

More photosynthesis and less respiration

160
Q

Oxidation-Reduction Titration

A

Is the standard technique for determining Os levels in fresh water

161
Q

Solubility is primarily determined by what?

A

Temperature

162
Q

Increase in altitude does what to solubility ?

A

Increases too

163
Q

Increase in salinity does what to solubility?

A

Decreases it

164
Q

Volumetric Hypolimnetic O2 Depletion Rate

A

The rate at which hypolimnetic O2 is consumed in a given volume
- is a useful indication of nutrient loading and primary production rate

165
Q

Increase in P leads to… (4 things)

A
  1. Increase in algae
  2. Decrease in light
  3. Increase in O2 depletion
  4. Decrease in photosynthesis
166
Q

Positive Heterograde Profile

A

Lakes with max dissolved O2

167
Q

Negative Heterograde Profile

A

Metalimnetic dissolved O2 min

168
Q

Input of N and P lead too… (3 things)

A
  1. Algal blooms
  2. Algal toxins which are fatal to humans and fish
  3. Proliferations of waterborne pathogens
    Increase in chlorination by products in drinking water (which is harmful to humans)
169
Q

Land use that leads to climate change (6 things)

A
  1. Agriculture
  2. Farming
  3. Waste disposal
  4. Fertilizers
  5. Harvesting
  6. Hydrology
170
Q

Aquatic systems are what kind of system?

A

Open

171
Q

Internal Loading

A

The release of elements from sediments to the overlying water

172
Q

Oxic

A

Contains O2

173
Q

Anoxic

A

No O2

174
Q

Increase in N deposition in remote lakes becomes, what?

A

P limited

Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (14 decks)

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