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Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. > Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 21) --> Phytoplankton > Flashcards

Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 21) --> Phytoplankton Flashcards

1
Q

How many divisions of algae are there in freshwater ecosystems?

A

6

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2
Q

Meroplankton

A

Planktonic algae that spend a part of their life on substrate

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3
Q

Benthic algae

A

Associate with shallow water sediments or its vegetation

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4
Q

How are sediments/ macrophytes resuspended?

A

By windy periods

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5
Q

What kind of algae are in rapid flushed streams?

A

Tycholankton

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6
Q

What king of algae are in slow flushed rivers?

A

True phytoplankton

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7
Q

Potamoplankton

A

The suspended algae of lotic systems

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8
Q

True phytoplankton

A

Are those that reproduce within the water column

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9
Q

What does wind speed do?

A

It increases mixture but does not produce more algae

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10
Q

What is specie richness determined by? (3 things)

A
  1. Physical environment
  2. Chemical environment
  3. Biological environment
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11
Q

What is abundance not a good measure of?

A
  1. Growth rate
  2. Importance of a species in energy flow
    - Small species reproduce fast but also are removed fast
    - Large species reproduce slow but are removed less frequently
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12
Q

What dominates the algal biomass of nutrient rich temperate lakes and slow flowing rivers?

A
  1. Large colonies
  2. Clusters of intertwined cells
  3. Single filament of cyanobacteria

–> also dominate on ice covered polar lakes and polar meltwater streams that freeze solid in winter

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13
Q

What dominates slow flowing rivers and lakes at lower latitudes?

A

Large cyanobacteria

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14
Q

What predominates among benthic algae of hot springs and antarctic pools?

A

Large cyanobacteria

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15
Q

What dominates oligotrophic lakes

A

Tiny cyanobacteria

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16
Q

What 7 factors determine the dominate of particular species?

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Light
  3. Co2
  4. pH
  5. Temperature
  6. Turbulence
  7. Grazers
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17
Q

Where is variation in particular species is most dominant?

A

In high nutrient lakes because there is more P but limited by N
–> smaller algae can out compete larger algae

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18
Q

What forms water columns?

A

Dissolved nutrients

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19
Q

What are 3 negative effects of highly visible blue-green blooms?

A
  1. Aesthetically displeasing
  2. Interfere with drinking water plants
  3. Interfere with the production of toxins that can cause illness in humans and death in livestock and wildlife
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20
Q

What are sand filters used for?

A

Used in the plants to remove the algal particles from the water

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21
Q

What happens when water is affected by blue-green blooms?

A

Requires special and expensive treatment to make is acceptable, otherwise is causes illness or even death (due to the production of toxins)

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22
Q

What is the main nutrient linked to the algal blooms and toxins in water source?

A

P

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23
Q

What are the major sources of P? (3 things)

A
  1. Septic and sewage
  2. Storm water
  3. Fertilizers
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24
Q

Neurotoxins (alkaloids)

A

Cause neurodegenerative symptoms through disruption in communication between neutrons and muscles

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25
Hepatotoxin (peptides)
Causes weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory blockages
26
Lipo-Polyssachrides
Cause skin irritation
27
What are toxins in cyanobacteria found linked to? (2 things)
1. Neuro-degenerative disease | 2. Hapato-degenerative disease
28
What re the top 3 places with toxic blooms?
1. Finland 2. UK 3. Scandinavia
29
What is chl-a composed of?
1. Unicellular flagellated cells 2. Non-flaggellated cells 3. Colonies 4. Filaments 5. macroscopic charophyceans
30
What makes a major contribution to the to the phytoplankton richness in freshwater lakes?
The microscopic green algae
31
Highly saline shallow lakes and wetlands are frequently dominated by what?
Green algae
32
What is euglenophyta characterized by?
A small number of flagellated species that normally make a very small contribution phytoplankton biomass
33
Where are euglenoids often abundant?
Amount the littoral zones and wetland vegetation and are sweet into rivers following storms
34
What do bacillariophyta (diatoms) dominate?
The species composition during spring and fall overturn with a sufficient supply of silica (to build an exoskeleton) in temperate lakes
35
What 2 lakes do diatoms make a major contribution to?
1. Tropical lakes | 2. Ultra-oligotrophic polar lakes
36
What does the group chrysophyta consist of?
Relatively few species of small single-celled flagellated colonies
37
What do chrysophyta modestly contribute to?
Species richness | - and a little to the phytoplankton biomass of eutrophic lakes
38
What are cryptophyta?
A second group of small or medium sized flagellates
39
Where do cryptophytas make their greatest proportional biomass contribution? (2 types of lakes)
1. Oligotrophic polar lakes (more common) | 2. Mesotrophic temperate lakes
40
What is an important determinant of the max growth rate over a large size range?
Cell size
41
What is an important determinant of the pathways of material and energy flow in aquatic systems?
Cell size
42
What are utermohl inverted microscopes used for?
To quantify and identify the small algae
43
Netplankton
The larger organisms retained by traditional plankton nets
44
Nanoplankton
Those too small to be quantitatively retained by the nets, but readily enumerated under the utermohl microscope
45
What are fluorescent dyes used for?
To allow phytoplankton as small as <1 um to be recognized
46
Picoplankton
Algae, bacteria and protozoa with a max dimension between 2um and 0.2um
47
Mictrophytes normally dominate in what kind of lakes, during what part of the year?
- Dominate in europohic lakes | - During summer periods
48
What happens to the doubling rate as size increases?
It decreases
49
Compare large organisms to small organisms (reproduction and nutrient uptake)
Larger organisms take in less nutrients and response slower compared to small organisms
50
What size organism dominates the primary production (large or small)?
Small
51
What does the close relationship between cell size and growth rate demonstrate?
It indicates that over a large size range, the influence of cell volume on growth rate is much stronger than differences in growth linked to the particular taxonomic grouping
52
What does the scatter around the best fit line between cell size and max growth demonstrate?
Shows that variables other than size plays a role in determining growth rates among species that differ little in size
53
r-selected species
Small organisms, characterized by high max growth and loss rates
54
k-selected species
Dominated by larger organisms with a reduced max growth rate
55
Why must the k-selected species experience a reduced loss rate?
To be able to maintain their abundance
56
What is the importance of chl-a?
Its a predictor of photosynthesis over a large (interval) scale - can't predict in a narrow range scale
57
What happens to volumetric production if chl-a increases
Increases linearly
58
Define the P:B ratio
Is the ratio of carbon fixed (P) to the phytoplankton biomass, expressed as carbon (B)per unit time - It provides a useful measure of the rate at which algal carbon turns over
59
What are the mixed layers in an average P:B ratio?
High in transparent oligotrophic systems and is low within and among aquatic systems when the community biomass is high (eutrophic waters)
60
What do low ratios in entropic waters imply?
A low productivity per unit biomass of chl-a
61
What do low specific growth rates imply?
Loss rates must also be low to allow the high biomass to be maintained
62
What does a high P:B in nutrient poor transparent waters dominated by small species imply?
A rapid recycling of both organic matter and the nutrients in high demand
63
What is the result of self shading?
A reduced community P:B under conditions of high phytoplankton biomass is primarily attributable to a poor effective light climate
64
What does light limit?
Growth rates
65
What happens to self shading as the community P:B decreases?
Increases
66
What happens to the areal community production as self shading increases?
Increases with increasing nutrient richness but at a slower rate
67
What happens to nutrient rich lakes as nanoplankton P:B increases?
They become dominated by small algae
68
Eutrophication
Excess richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water
69
What nutrients are responsible for the summer algal blooms in oligotrophic lakes?
N and P
70
What happens to Chl-a and TP as TN increases?
They both increase
71
What do N and/ or C do to algal biomass?
Nothing! | - They don't increase
72
What is P necessary to produce?
High algal blooms
73
High grazers
Lower amount of biomass
74
Low grazers
Higher amount of biomass

Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (14 decks)

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