Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 8) -- > Uses, Misuses and Restoration of Headwater Streams and Rivers

Question 1

What would salmon die without?

Answer 1

River systems in order to migrate

Question 2

What did family tribes own rights to?

Answer 2

Specific spots on the river for fishing

Question 3

What was the river commonly used for?

Answer 3

Transportation

Question 4

What was 5 things were commonly traded, instead of money?

Answer 4

1. Salmon oil
2. Berries
3. Dog meat
4. Jade
5. Slaves

Question 5

Animals were believed to become what after death?

Answer 5

• Reincarnated as gods

Question 6

What happened if you failed to share wealth?

Answer 6

Its as believed the result in punishment by the animal, such as a failure int he salmon run

Question 7

Where are headwaters often located?

Answer 7

In upland regions where soils are thin

Question 8

Pasturage

Answer 8

Deliberate removal of forest

- Expect in very dry and high areas

Question 9

What impact does the clutter created by fallen tress have on the natural forest? (2 things)

Answer 9

1. Provides structure that is needed for fully functioning streams
2. Creates places protected from grazers where tree seedlings can grow

Question 10

What happens to predators as human settlement increases? What about the small animals?

Answer 10

• Decrease in predators

- Increase in small animals

Question 11

What happens to water retention as the oxidation of soil increases?

Answer 11

It decreases

Question 12

What is the pH of acid rain?

Answer 12

5.5

Question 13

What happens to fish as acidification continues?

Answer 13

Decrease in fish in streams

Question 14

What initially caused acidification?

Answer 14

The industrial expansion in the 20th century

Question 15

Where does acidification come from

Answer 15

Combustion of mini, coal and production of gases

Question 16

What is a product of acidification?

Answer 16

SOx and NOx

Question 17

What happens tot eh fish eggs if you reduce pH?

Answer 17

It interferes with the enzyme that fish embryos use to break through egg membranes

• They will fail to hatch
• Crustaceans can’t form their exoskeleton for protection

Question 18

What are N gases produced by? (3 things)

Answer 18

1. Vehicle engines
2. Burning of vegetation
3. Emission of NH3 from animal wastes

Question 19

What are some serious effects due to increase in N gases? (4 things)

Answer 19

1. Damage to local vegetation, causing increase vulnerability for forest trees to frost
2. Drought
3. N loading decreases diversity
4. Increases grazing damage from insects

Question 20

When are sensitivities highest?

Answer 20

In cold, dry areas with soils that have low base saturation compared to warmer, wet areas with a higher base saturation

Question 21

What does dust provide?

Answer 21

Substantial buffering capacity

Question 22

What are the 2 most important components when controlling environmental emissions?

Answer 22

1. P

2. N

Question 23

What does during of agriculture and coal produce?

Answer 23

NH3 (ammonia)

Question 24

What happens to agricultural sources if coal burning decreased?

Answer 24

Increase

Question 25

What do we see in critical loading?

Answer 25

Decrease in quantity and quality of species

Question 26

What are 3 ways silt and particulate nutrients to steams?

Answer 26

1. Ploughing 2. Tillage 3. Fertilization

Question 27

Eutrophication

Answer 27

Is the transfer of nutrients

Question 28

What part of the tree sinks to the bottom of rivers and clogs the beds?

Answer 28

Tree needles

Question 29

How do trees help acidification? And what happens when they re removed?

Answer 29

- Trees help with the uptake of acidification | - If removed they will no longer be effective

Question 30

Who produce biological waste?

Answer 30

People

Question 31

What 4 things are contained in sewage disposal?

Answer 31

1. Organic matter 2. Nutrients 3. Bacteria 4. Viruses

Question 32

What are 2 consequences from using the water directly from the stream?

Answer 32

1. Increase in gastrointestinal disease | 2. Outbreaks of typhoid and cholera

Question 33

Where do the nutrients P and N go when the ground is fully saturated?

Answer 33

Goes to the nearest stream

Question 34

What are the negative effects of weed blankets?

Answer 34

1. Nutrient dilution 2. Decrease in algal growth 3. Decrease in O2

Question 35

What happens to the demand of O2 as you get further away from the outfall?

Answer 35

Increases | - The higher demand for O2, the lower capacity for species can survive and will eventually decrease

Question 36

What does BOD stand for?

Answer 36

Biological oxygen demand

Question 37

What diverse waste has industries produced? (4 things)

Answer 37

1. Heavy metals 2. Acids 3. Alkalis 4. Deoxygenating chemicals

Question 38

When there is a decrease in chemicals, what happens to the species diversification?

Answer 38

It increases

Question 39

Water supplies are more likely to be what as human activity increases?

Answer 39

Contaminated by with diseased organisms

Question 40

What re 4 negative side effects to damming?

Answer 40

1. Stops migration of fish (can't spawn) 2. Alters size and flow of rivers 3. Traps nutrients 4. Effects ecosystems - Flood plains left dry - Salt water penetrates fro inland - Fisheries are destroyed

Question 41

Changing upstream

Answer 41

Nutrients

Question 42

Changing downstream

Answer 42

Water flow

Question 43

What happens when we fish more than the production of species?

Answer 43

They are lost

Question 44

Why here hatcheries created?

Answer 44

Because breeding was not successful in the world

Question 45

What do fast flowing rivers do?

Answer 45

Provide power for machinery | Eg) cotton gins, metal hammers and looms

Question 46

What mostly kills pathogens?

Answer 46

Heat | - Sludge is then converted to a more or less pleasant solid

Question 47

What can produced methane do?

Answer 47

Help to generate power to run the pumps needed at the works

Question 48

How do regulations limit how much [ ] of specific substances that can be discharged into the rivers?

Answer 48

Through cost

Question 49

What 3 countries still have poor sewage treatments even though they have thriving economies?

Answer 49

1. China 2. India 3. Brazil

Question 50

What kind of lakes are more likely to be N limited? | (More P limited) (3 things)

Answer 50

- Lowland lakes - Shallow lakes - Lakes in warmer regions

Question 51

What happens to biodiversity as N increases?

Answer 51

It decreases

Question 52

Where is N more commonly originated from?

Answer 52

Agricultural land | - Rather than from sewage

Question 53

Removing what kind of contaminant through wastewater treatments is more expensive to remove and why?

Answer 53

- N is more expensive to remove than P | - Less soluble

Question 54

How do you remove Nitrate? Phosphate?

Answer 54

- Denitrification | - Absorption

Question 55

What happens to the use of pesticides as the need for agricultural increases?

Answer 55

Increases

Question 56

What causes chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)?

Answer 56

New refrigerants and propellant gases from spray cans

Question 57

What do CFCs effect?

Answer 57

The ozone layer, which helps to protect us from UV radiation

Question 58

What form does P come in?

Answer 58

``` Particle form (doesn't have a gas form) - Can travel over long distances ```

Question 59

What are 3 examples of heavy metals?

Answer 59

1. Pb 2. Cd 3. Hg

Question 60

What is DDT used for?

Answer 60

Crop insecticide (cotton), protection against malaria, typhus

Question 61

Dioxins used for?

Answer 61

Unintentionally produced during combustion, manufacturing (paper and metal recycling) Smoke

Question 62

How was rivers monitored in the 20th century?

Answer 62

Monitored dissolved O2 [ ] , NH3 [ ] and BOD

Question 63

What does organic pollution do to O2 [ ], BOD and NH3 [ ?

Answer 63

- Decrease O2 | - Increase BOD and NH3 [ ]

Question 64

What are 5 common things measured at the sites?

Answer 64

1. Slope 2. Distance from the source 3. pH 4. Chloride content 5. Nature of the bottom substratum

Question 65

What does the water framework directive (WFD) do?

Answer 65

Attempts to remedy the restrictions whilst giving a more comprehensive framework for water management then as been possible

Question 66

What does the WFD cover?

Answer 66

Rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries and coastal waters - But not open waters

Question 67

What are rivers characterized from? (5 things)

Answer 67

1. Latitude 2. Depth 3. Area 4. Catchment size 5. Local geology - Things that aren't influenced by human activity

Question 68

What are 5 things that need to be taken into account for water chemistry?

Answer 68

1. O2 2. pH 3. Nutrients 4. Salinity 5. Polluting substances

Question 69

What is water quality largely monitored by?

Answer 69

Chemical approaches

Question 70

What are the 3 fundamental ecological characteristics that pristine sites have?

Answer 70

1. Parsimony of nutrient availability 2. Characteristic structure 3. Connectivity with other systems

Question 71

What is the only logical way of approaching the requirements?

Answer 71

1st to determine scenario for high and good quality and then work backwards to figure out what needs to be done

Question 72

What is the composition of the atmosphere regulated by?

Answer 72

Balance of photosynthesis and respiration

Question 73

Where is water stored and purified?

Answer 73

Wetland systems | - Others protect coasts against erosion and stroms

Question 74

Rehabilitation ecology

Answer 74

The recreation of a semi-natural system that resembles the natural ones - Its what we do when we manage a nature reserve to encourage growth of particular plant and animal communities or cover domestic landfill or minerals waste tip with some sort of vegetation

Question 75

Reconciliation ecology

Answer 75

Recreating ecological systems that provide essential functions yet allow for human needs - requires a much greater effort