Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 8) -- > Uses, Misuses and Restoration of Headwater Streams and Rivers Flashcards
What would salmon die without?
River systems in order to migrate
What did family tribes own rights to?
Specific spots on the river for fishing
What was the river commonly used for?
Transportation
What was 5 things were commonly traded, instead of money?
- Salmon oil
- Berries
- Dog meat
- Jade
- Slaves
Animals were believed to become what after death?
- Reincarnated as gods
What happened if you failed to share wealth?
Its as believed the result in punishment by the animal, such as a failure int he salmon run
Where are headwaters often located?
In upland regions where soils are thin
Pasturage
Deliberate removal of forest
- Expect in very dry and high areas
What impact does the clutter created by fallen tress have on the natural forest? (2 things)
- Provides structure that is needed for fully functioning streams
- Creates places protected from grazers where tree seedlings can grow
What happens to predators as human settlement increases? What about the small animals?
- Decrease in predators
- Increase in small animals
What happens to water retention as the oxidation of soil increases?
It decreases
What is the pH of acid rain?
5.5
What happens to fish as acidification continues?
Decrease in fish in streams
What initially caused acidification?
The industrial expansion in the 20th century
Where does acidification come from
Combustion of mini, coal and production of gases
What is a product of acidification?
SOx and NOx
What happens tot eh fish eggs if you reduce pH?
It interferes with the enzyme that fish embryos use to break through egg membranes
- They will fail to hatch
- Crustaceans can’t form their exoskeleton for protection
What are N gases produced by? (3 things)
- Vehicle engines
- Burning of vegetation
- Emission of NH3 from animal wastes
What are some serious effects due to increase in N gases? (4 things)
- Damage to local vegetation, causing increase vulnerability for forest trees to frost
- Drought
- N loading decreases diversity
- Increases grazing damage from insects
When are sensitivities highest?
In cold, dry areas with soils that have low base saturation compared to warmer, wet areas with a higher base saturation
What does dust provide?
Substantial buffering capacity
What are the 2 most important components when controlling environmental emissions?
- P
2. N
What does during of agriculture and coal produce?
NH3 (ammonia)
What happens to agricultural sources if coal burning decreased?
Increase
What do we see in critical loading?
Decrease in quantity and quality of species
What are 3 ways silt and particulate nutrients to steams?
- Ploughing
- Tillage
- Fertilization
Eutrophication
Is the transfer of nutrients
What part of the tree sinks to the bottom of rivers and clogs the beds?
Tree needles
How do trees help acidification? And what happens when they re removed?
- Trees help with the uptake of acidification
- If removed they will no longer be effective
Who produce biological waste?
People
What 4 things are contained in sewage disposal?
- Organic matter
- Nutrients
- Bacteria
- Viruses
What are 2 consequences from using the water directly from the stream?
- Increase in gastrointestinal disease
2. Outbreaks of typhoid and cholera
Where do the nutrients P and N go when the ground is fully saturated?
Goes to the nearest stream
What are the negative effects of weed blankets?
- Nutrient dilution
- Decrease in algal growth
- Decrease in O2
What happens to the demand of O2 as you get further away from the outfall?
Increases
- The higher demand for O2, the lower capacity for species can survive and will eventually decrease
What does BOD stand for?
Biological oxygen demand
What diverse waste has industries produced? (4 things)
- Heavy metals
- Acids
- Alkalis
- Deoxygenating chemicals
When there is a decrease in chemicals, what happens to the species diversification?
It increases
Water supplies are more likely to be what as human activity increases?
Contaminated by with diseased organisms
What re 4 negative side effects to damming?
- Stops migration of fish (can’t spawn)
- Alters size and flow of rivers
- Traps nutrients
- Effects ecosystems
- Flood plains left dry
- Salt water penetrates fro inland
- Fisheries are destroyed
Changing upstream
Nutrients
Changing downstream
Water flow
What happens when we fish more than the production of species?
They are lost
Why here hatcheries created?
Because breeding was not successful in the world
What do fast flowing rivers do?
Provide power for machinery
Eg) cotton gins, metal hammers and looms
What mostly kills pathogens?
Heat
- Sludge is then converted to a more or less pleasant solid
What can produced methane do?
Help to generate power to run the pumps needed at the works
How do regulations limit how much [ ] of specific substances that can be discharged into the rivers?
Through cost
What 3 countries still have poor sewage treatments even though they have thriving economies?
- China
- India
- Brazil
What kind of lakes are more likely to be N limited?
(More P limited) (3 things)
- Lowland lakes
- Shallow lakes
- Lakes in warmer regions
What happens to biodiversity as N increases?
It decreases
Where is N more commonly originated from?
Agricultural land
- Rather than from sewage
Removing what kind of contaminant through wastewater treatments is more expensive to remove and why?
- N is more expensive to remove than P
- Less soluble
How do you remove Nitrate? Phosphate?
- Denitrification
- Absorption
What happens to the use of pesticides as the need for agricultural increases?
Increases
What causes chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)?
New refrigerants and propellant gases from spray cans
What do CFCs effect?
The ozone layer, which helps to protect us from UV radiation
What form does P come in?
Particle form (doesn't have a gas form) - Can travel over long distances
What are 3 examples of heavy metals?
- Pb
- Cd
- Hg
What is DDT used for?
Crop insecticide (cotton), protection against malaria, typhus
Dioxins used for?
Unintentionally produced during combustion, manufacturing (paper and metal recycling) Smoke
How was rivers monitored in the 20th century?
Monitored dissolved O2 [ ] , NH3 [ ] and BOD
What does organic pollution do to O2 [ ], BOD and NH3 [ ?
- Decrease O2
- Increase BOD and NH3 [ ]
What are 5 common things measured at the sites?
- Slope
- Distance from the source
- pH
- Chloride content
- Nature of the bottom substratum
What does the water framework directive (WFD) do?
Attempts to remedy the restrictions whilst giving a more comprehensive framework for water management then as been possible
What does the WFD cover?
Rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries and coastal waters
- But not open waters
What are rivers characterized from? (5 things)
- Latitude
- Depth
- Area
- Catchment size
- Local geology
- Things that aren’t influenced by human activity
What are 5 things that need to be taken into account for water chemistry?
- O2
- pH
- Nutrients
- Salinity
- Polluting substances
What is water quality largely monitored by?
Chemical approaches
What are the 3 fundamental ecological characteristics that pristine sites have?
- Parsimony of nutrient availability
- Characteristic structure
- Connectivity with other systems
What is the only logical way of approaching the requirements?
1st to determine scenario for high and good quality and then work backwards to figure out what needs to be done
What is the composition of the atmosphere regulated by?
Balance of photosynthesis and respiration
Where is water stored and purified?
Wetland systems
- Others protect coasts against erosion and stroms
Rehabilitation ecology
The recreation of a semi-natural system that resembles the natural ones
- Its what we do when we manage a nature reserve to encourage growth of particular plant and animal communities or cover domestic landfill or minerals waste tip with some sort of vegetation
Reconciliation ecology
Recreating ecological systems that provide essential functions yet allow for human needs
- requires a much greater effort
