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Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. > Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 26) --> Fish and Water Birds > Flashcards

Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 26) --> Fish and Water Birds Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do aquatic birds exert and important effect on?

A

The abundance and community structure of macro-invertebrates and fish

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2
Q

What are the greater size I’m most fishes associated with?

A
  1. Greater longevity (life expectancy)
  2. Slower biomass doubling time
  3. Much higher mobility
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3
Q

How many inland fish species are there? And what are the 2 groups they can divide in?

A
  • 11,000

- Can be divided into groups with jaws or without jaws

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4
Q

Where do the air-breathing lung fishes live?

3 things

A
  1. High temp
  2. Low latitude wetlands
  3. Likely to become hypoxic or anoxic
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5
Q

What do the teleost fish behaviourally respond to?

A

Low dissolved O2 [ ] by migration of local movements

- Die if DO is below species-specific minima

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6
Q

Different parts of the world have different fish because of what 3 things?

A
  1. Environment
  2. Competition
  3. Predators
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7
Q

What are the number of species affected by? (4 things)

A
  1. Latitude
  2. Altitude
  3. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
  4. Total Al [ ]
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8
Q

What does life history refer to? (6 things)

A
  1. Where a species lives
  2. How it feeds
  3. Food preferences
  4. Growth
  5. Mortality rates
  6. Behaviour
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9
Q

What percent is the mortality from eggs to larvae?

A

Greater than 99%

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10
Q

Cohort

A

Number of fish of a given age

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11
Q

Year-Class strength

A

Number of fish spawn during single season

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12
Q

Why do young fish commonly change habitats?

3 things

A

To reduce the risk of…

  1. Predation
  2. Cannibalisms
  3. Competition for food or habitat
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13
Q

Where do fish like to live?

A

Tend to live in selective vegetated inshore areas that provide better protection for predation compared to open waters

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14
Q

What effect of age-0 fish have? (2 things)

A
  1. Abundance of zooplankton prey

2. Alters species composition and size distribution

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15
Q

Why are some cohorts strong and some weak?

A

Temporal or spatial match between larvae and abundance of prey or predators during “crucial period”

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16
Q

Crucial period

A

When larvae have absorbed most of egg sac and are feeding independently

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17
Q

Food limited

A

Density- dependent growth

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18
Q

Food not limited

A

Density independent growth

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19
Q

Low water

A

Growth arrested

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20
Q

High water (flood)

A

Growth, reproduction

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21
Q

Poor flood

A

Poor growth, no reproduction (stunted)

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22
Q

When is survival the highest?

A

When food is abundant and predation is low

- Competition must also be considered

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23
Q

What cab high survival rate lead to?

A

Stunting

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24
Q

Stunting

A

To stop, slow down, or hinder the growth or development of species
- Poor population growth

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25
Q

What are 5 determinants of fish growth?

A
  1. High latitude
  2. Strong seasonality in temp
  3. Irradiance
  4. Resource ability reflect in seasonality variable growth
  5. Flood season
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26
Q

What are seasonality in growth at low latitudes often linked to? (3 things)

A
  1. Seasonal floods
  2. Drought affecting habitat
  3. Resource availability
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27
Q

What are 2 ways to measure growth?

A
  1. Mark and recapture

2. Inner ear bone rings (otoliths)

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28
Q

Larger fish grow at what kind of rate?

A

Slower rate

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29
Q

Production (P) from biomass (B) does what with size?

A

Decrease

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30
Q

What does P:B ratio define?

A

Biomass growth rate

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31
Q

What can differences in ratios indicate? (3 things)

A

Differences in…

  1. Productivity
  2. Genetics
  3. Species-species/species/enviro interactions
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32
Q

What happens to biomass and density as fish size increases?

A

Decreases

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33
Q

How can you determine structure of population?

A

Multiplying P:B ratio of each cohort by biomass density

34
Q

What age of fish has a higher specific feeding and respiration rates?

A

Younger fish

35
Q

What re young fish a major source of?

A

Regenerated nutrients through nutrient excretion

36
Q

Fish exert what kind of effect?

A

Top-down (predation) and bottom-up (nutrient supply)

37
Q

What are 5 ways you can estimate population in inland waters?

A
  1. Traps
  2. Gill nets
  3. Seines
  4. Trawls
  5. Poison all the fish
38
Q

What does electroshocking do?

A

Temporarily immobilizes the fish so they can be scooped up for estimation

39
Q

What is echolocating?

A

An acoustic method that involves sending 1 or more beams of ultrasonic sound waves either downbeat at specific angles from the boat
- Waves from fish are bounced off and detected by the screen

40
Q

What is a + and - thing about echolocating?

A 
\+ = Easy to track
- = Cant tell the specific species
41
Q

What kind of sample size works best for the mark and recapture method?

A

Small sample size

42
Q

Mark and recapture assume 3 things?

A
  1. 100% random mixing (all have the same probability of getting picked)
  2. Same mortality (the tags don’t increase or decrease of survival)
  3. No immigration on emigration
43
Q

What do they use scientific surveys for?

A

Measure population size to determine how much of a population can be fished

44
Q

Whats one way to look at abundance of fish?

A

Catch per unit effort (CPUE)

45
Q

What does CPUE stand for?

A

Catch per unit effort

46
Q

Traditional model

A

View each population has separate entity that can be modelled independent of competitors, predators, resources and environment

47
Q

What is the traditional model useful?

A

When fish stocks are large, stable and not overfished

48
Q

Growth over fishing

A

Modest overfishing can permit rapid recovery when fishing pressure is reduced

49
Q

Negative effect of traditional models

A

They lack predictive power when overfishing of larger and most producing of individuals cause major change in population structure

50
Q

Biological Overfishing

A

this type of overfishing causes significant chains to energy flow efficiency and food web structure
- Major problem in inland waters

51
Q

What are 6 things fisheries management includes?

A
  1. Setting size and quality (bag) limits for individuals in recreational fisheries
  2. Restrictions on fishing gears
  3. Restrictions on capture and retention of particular species during certain critical periods
    Eg) Breeding season
  4. Setting fishing quotas in commercial fisheries
  5. Limiting number of commercial fishing boats
  6. Selectivity stocking hatchery reared fish
52
Q

Community fish biomass increases with ___ and decreases with ____

A
  • Increases with trophic status

- Decreases with nutrient supply declines

53
Q

What happens to TP as total biomass decreases?

A

Decreases

54
Q

Production

A

Elaboration of new tissue biomass over a time interval

55
Q

Allen curve

A

Is a way of estimating the production and yield

- Plot a mean number of fish against mean body size and measure area under the curve

56
Q

What are 3 things that production is strongly correlated with?

A
  1. Population biomass
  2. Weight of largest size-class of fish in population
  3. Temperature
57
Q

As fish production increase, what happens to biomass?

A

Increases

58
Q

Temperature has what kind of effect on protection and why? (+ or -)

A

Positive and at lower latitudes cause it is more favourable and the growing seasons are longer

59
Q

Substantial fish production will be higher for what size of species?

A

Smaller

60
Q

What does MEI stand for?

A

Morphoedaphic index of yield

61
Q

What does MEI use?

A

Uses ratio of total dissolved solids (TDS) to mean depth (Z) as a surrogate for population yield of species

62
Q

What is mean depth a good predictor for?

A

Fish yield

63
Q

What is MEI used for? (3 things)

A

Quick approximation of the yield of…

  1. Lakes
  2. Reservoirs
  3. River wetland systems
64
Q

What are 8 things mean depth effect?

A
  1. Distribution of organisms
  2. Lake stratification
  3. Light climate
  4. Relative size of littoral zone
  5. Water temp
  6. Flashing rate
  7. Nutrient supply
  8. Catchment
65
Q

What does a modest increase in resource availability allow?

A

Higher fish production without changing composition
- Not the case when nutrients produce hypoxia or anoxic hypolimnia or when phytoplankton abundance is sufficient to cause disappearance of submerged macrophytes

66
Q

What can an increase in eutrophication do?

A

Shift fish community to be comprised of greater zooplanktivorous fish biomass, lower % of piscivorous fish

67
Q

High transparency is incompatible with what?

A

High fish production

68
Q

Who much of the inland yield is for agriculture?

A

50-70%

69
Q

What species dominate worldwide?

A

Carp species

70
Q

Aquaculture

A

Farming of aquatic organisms

71
Q

What are the 4 types of aquaculture?

A
  1. Extensive
    - Relatively natural conditions
  2. Semi-intensive
    - More controlled conditions, diet supplement, high stocking densities
  3. Intensive
    - More intensive management and additional feeding (often monocultures)
  4. Hyperintensive
    - High value species at high densities in cage
    - All aspects are controlled
72
Q

What culture is aquaculture waste production best studied?

A

Hyperintensive culture

73
Q

When are outputs the greatest? And what are the outputs?

A
  • Greatest in the spring and summer when feeding and temp are the highest
  • Outputs are organic matter and nutrients
74
Q

7 ways fish farming affects limnology through:

A
  1. Water quality
  2. Destruction of good habitat
  3. Removal of young fish for culture
  4. Introduction of exotic species
  5. Genetic effects
  6. Disease and parasite introduction
  7. Raising piscivorous fish require large input of wild fish for feed
75
Q

What is affected by water birds richness, biomass and composition?

A
  1. System morphology
  2. Littoral vegetation
  3. Trophic status
76
Q

What happens to species richness with increase in system size?

A

Increases

77
Q

Where is birds density productivity most highest?

A

In the littoral zone

78
Q

What is the riparian zone (land-water interface) important for? (4 things)

A
  1. Feeding
  2. Resting
  3. Breeding
  4. Hiding
79
Q

Systems with long shorelines relative to open water have what?

A

High abundance and biomass of birds

80
Q

What kind of relationship is between tropic status, bird numbers and biomass (+ or -)

A

Positive

81
Q

What is large scatter in data caused by? (6 things)

A
  1. Human disturbance
  2. Nearby size of wetlands
  3. Underwater slope
  4. Anoxic area
  5. Variation in dominant predators
  6. Competition

Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (14 decks)

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