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Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. > Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 23) --> Zooplankton > Flashcards

Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 23) --> Zooplankton Flashcards

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1
Q

Typically what are the macrozooplanktons that are larger than 200um?

A

Crustaceans

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2
Q

Typically what are the microzooplanktons that are smaller than 200um?

A

Rotifers

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3
Q

Zooplankton

A

Any plankton thats an animal

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4
Q

What was used in the 20th century to sample zooplankton?

A

Nets made out of silk bolting cloth (60-70um) that would catch both crustaceans and rotifers

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5
Q

Negative effects to the net cloths for sampling?

A

It provides resistance to flow of water through them and allow water to flow from the mouth resulting in an underestimation of the biomass of organisms

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6
Q

What has been introduced in order to fix the negative effects of the net cloths for sampling?

A

Traps –> Schindler Patalas Traps

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7
Q

Schindler Patalas Traps

A
  • 2 hinged door swings upward and the trap is lowered and closed at the desired depth when the hauling up commences
  • Water then flows out and all is caught in the traps
  • Provides little warning to the light sensitive zooplankton (best to collect at night)
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8
Q

What is the best way to collect samples of protozoans?

A

bottles or pumps rather than nets

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9
Q

What are 8 ways the heterogeneous distribution of the lake zooplankton occurs?

A
  1. System morphometry (lake depth and shape)
  2. The configuration of inflows and outflows
  3. Prevailing winds
  4. Current patterns
  5. Upwellings
  6. Competition for food resources between zooplankton species
  7. Predators
  8. Vertical migrations in deeper lakes and horizontal or transversal migrations in shallow lakes
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10
Q

What are determinants for accurate production that link abundance patterns to environmental factors in all organisms?

A

Good and frequent abundance of species

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11
Q

Keystone species

A

A species now which other species in an ecosystem largely depend on, such that if it were to be removed the ecosystem would change drastically
Eg) Daphina (Water Fleas)

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12
Q

What are the most important soft bodied multicellular invertebrates in the plankton family?

A

Rotifers

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13
Q

What are 2 important aspects of rotifers?

A
  1. Important food source

2. Contributes to the decomposition of soil organic matter

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14
Q

Multivoltine

A

Invertebrates producing more then one generation per year

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15
Q

Bivoltine

A

Those completing 2 life cycles per year

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16
Q

Univoltine

A

Those that produce one generation per year

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17
Q

Semivoltine

A

Species requiring 2 years to complete a life cycle

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18
Q

Merovoltine

A

Those with a longer life cycle

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19
Q

What life cycle do rotifers have?

A

Multivoltine

- because they produce unfertilized but diploid 2N) eggs

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20
Q

What happens to the reproduction rate as temperature increases?

A

Increases

- Larger organisms need higher temps to reproduce compared to smaller organisms

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21
Q

Cladocerans

A
  • Type of crustacean
  • Normally covered by a hard chitinous cover
  • Respiration occurs though gills or through body surface
  • 2 large antennae give them the name “water flea” and uses them for rowing through the water
  • Produce many offsprings
  • Regulated by egg production
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22
Q

Copepods

A
  • Type of crustacean
  • Regulated by longevity and survival rate
  • Dependent on sexual reproduction
  • Development time is determined by water temperature
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23
Q

What are 3 examples of copepods?

A
  1. Cyclopoid copepods
    - Generally predatory (carnivore)
  2. Calanoid copepods
    - Omnivore
  3. Harpecticoid copepods
    - Primarily benthic
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24
Q

Ostracods

A
  • Type of crustacean
  • Benthic
  • Frequently vert common in sediments and on macrophytes
  • Bodies are flattened from side to side and protected by a bivalve-like shell (chitinous)
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25
Q

Malacostracans

A
  • Larger crustaceans
  • eg) crabs, lobsters, catfish, shrimp, krill….
  • Segmented bodies (head, thorax and abdomen)
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26
Q

What is the principle predictor of crustaceans and rotifer specie abundance?

A

Lake area

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27
Q

What type of lake are invertebrate species abundance greatly reduced?

A

Saline lakes

28
Q

Habitat diversity hypothesis

A

Theory that explains the relationship between species abundance and the surface area of oceanic islands

29
Q

What is the 2nd predictor of crustaceans and rotifer specie abundance?

A

Annual phytoplankton primary production

30
Q

Whats happens to species abundance as area increases

A

Increases

31
Q

What are season cycles affected by? (3 things)

A
  1. Size distribution and their algal and bacterial prey
  2. Disease and selective predation by fish
  3. Invertebrate predators
32
Q

What happens with huge variability in temperate zones?

2 things

A
  1. Leads to increase in zooplankton and nanoplankton

2. Decrease in temp decreases abundance in zooplankton

33
Q

What happens to the pronounced seasonality at mid/high latitudes when shifted to lower latitudes?

A

Becomes more muted

34
Q

What 6 things affect water column stability?

A
  1. Mixed-layer light climate
  2. External and internal nutrient loading
  3. Primary production
  4. Fish reproduction
  5. Zooplankton
  6. Population dynamics
35
Q

What are 4 patterns shown at lower latitudes?

A
  1. More modest seasonal changes in irradiance and temp
  2. Greater seasonal variability in rainfall
  3. River discharge
  4. Wind speed
36
Q

What is the best way long-term patterns are recorded?

A

In sediments

37
Q

What are 4 factors that cause large inter-annual and decade-long variation?

A
  1. Changes in predation pressures from fish or invertebrates
  2. Changes in zooplankton food supply related to nutrient supply and algal density
  3. Changes in spring – ice covered and algal growth in spring
  4. Competitive interactions among zooplankton species
38
Q

What kind of relationship is between fish density and Daphina? (+ or -)

A

Negative relationship

39
Q

What dramatic effects can manipulation of planktivorous fish stocks have? (3 things)

A
  1. Zooplankton abondance
  2. Biomass
  3. Community structure
40
Q

What are 3 ways of removing zooplankton resulted from under ice anoxia?

A
  1. Netting
  2. Poisoning
  3. Naturally by winter kills
41
Q

What does a high abundance of zooplankton do to abundances of large zooplankton ?

A

Reduces it

- Which they preferentially feed on

42
Q

What does size distribution of macro-zoo-plankton in lakes provide?

A

A useful index of the structure of fish communities

43
Q

What is water management most concerned with in the temperate zone?

A

The end result

- And not with the importance of the different mechanisms that determined the desired transparency

44
Q

What are the first steps towards the development of models that better predict impacts on aquatic systems?

A

Identification and quantification of mechanisms

45
Q

What type of macrozooplankton commonly plays a key role in reducing the phytoplankton biomass?

A

Filter feeding macrozooplanktons

46
Q

What has biomanipulation of temperate lakes been proposed to do?

A

Acts as a management tool for increase in water clarity in eutrophic systems in which a sediment reduction in internal or external nutrient loading cannot be brought about

47
Q

What 2 things does growth of a zooplankton population or community require?

A
  1. Enough food of sufficient quality

2. Appropriate size

48
Q

What happens to organismal size when the filtering rate per unit biomass decreases over a wide body-sized range?

A

It increases

49
Q

What 2 things does filtering and grazing rates depend on?

A
  1. Food concentration

2. Food quality

50
Q

Haney In-Situ Grazing Chamber

A
  • Was developed to gently trap zooplankton while automatically exposing the enclosed assemblage to trace amounts of radio-labelled food particles
  • Uses radio-labelled cells food particles to attract zooplankton
  • Once caught gets filtered out and measured
51
Q

What happens to biomass as grazing rates decline?

A

Gradually declines and evens out (see graph in notes)

52
Q

What happens to biomass as TP increases?

A

Increases

53
Q

What is the most important correlation of production?

A

Population biomass

54
Q

What happens to biomass as the weight of an individual increases?

A

Decreases

55
Q

What 3 things increase with increase in temp?

A
  1. Egg development
  2. Growth rates
  3. Feeding rates
56
Q

What 3 things do interaction between top down and bottom up define?

A
  1. Community structure
  2. Biomass
  3. Productivity
57
Q

Cyclomorphosis

A

The pronounced died vertical migration (DVM) of macro-zoo-plankton and distinct seasonal changes in the morphology of successive generations

58
Q

What do more fish present?

A

Stronger vertical migration

59
Q

What does food dictate?

A

Where the zooplankton are in the water column

60
Q

What are the 2 environmental cues that trigger migration?

A
  1. Light intensity

2. Release if info-chemicals by a variety of predators

61
Q

What do chemical cues and alarm substances do?

A

Stimulate migration

62
Q

Kairomones

A

Chemical cues provided by the excretory products of predators

63
Q

Alarm substances

A

Cues provided by injury or partially eaten prey organisms of the same species

64
Q

What does DHM stand for?

A

Diel Horizontal Migration

65
Q

What is an important reason for migration?

A

Predator avoidance

66
Q

What does full moon light reduce?

A

The extent of migration

- Extent of migration is a function of organismal size

Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (14 decks)

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