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Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. > Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 28) --> Contaminants > Flashcards

Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 28) --> Contaminants Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 4 common contaminants?

A
  1. H+
  2. SOx
  3. NOx
  4. Al
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2
Q

What are the principle environmental issues in limnology?

A

Toxic chemicals

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3
Q

What 2 practices can better reserve eutrophication?

A
  1. Better waste water treatment

2. Better agriculture practices

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4
Q

Many contaminants come from where?

A

Industrial processes

- Some are produced in nature during degradation

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5
Q

What are 3 chemicals that have great concern?

A
  1. Fungicides
  2. Insecticides
  3. Herbicides
    - Which are all used in the production of human food
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6
Q

Negative effects of chemicals on…

A
  1. Specie diversity
  2. Community structure
  3. Human health
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7
Q

What does POPs stand for?

A

Persistent organic pollutants

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8
Q

What can POPs do?

A

They can alter of block the hormone system of individual invertebrate and can chain immune system and possibly produce carcinogenic effects

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9
Q

What are the chemicals of greatest concern worldwide?

A

Highly chlorinated organic molecules known as organochlorines (OCs)

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10
Q

POP has what kind of solubility in water and accumulation in fat?

A
  • Low solubility

- High accumulation

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11
Q

What does PCH stand for?

A

Polychlorinated hydrocarbons

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12
Q

What does PCB stand for?

A

Polychlorinated biphenyls

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13
Q

What are PCHs examples of?

A

PCB

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14
Q

What are PCB?

A

They are organic chlorine compounds that vary based on the ratio of chlorine to biphenyl and the production temp

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15
Q

Acute toxicity

A

Quick death

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16
Q

Sublethal/chronic toxicity

A

Impairment of growth, breeding success

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17
Q

Carcinogenicity toxicity

A

Impairment, death

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18
Q

Mutagenicity and teratogenicity toxicity

A

Effects on future generations

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19
Q

Genotoxicity

A

Possible effects on future generations

- Effects genes/ DNA

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20
Q

What happens to the [ ] of bioaccumulation over time?

A

It increases

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21
Q

What is the 2nd attribute of many toxic substances?

A

Resistance to degradation

22
Q

How are toxins that have a vapour phase transported?

A

Through the atmosphere

23
Q

How do hydrophobic contaminants that contain high bioaccumulation get absorbed? (3 things)

A

Through the…

  1. Gills
  2. Guts
  3. External surfaces of living organisms
24
Q

How do hydrophilic contaminants that contain high bioaccumulation get absorbed?

A

Usually reminded dissolved in the water

25
Q

How are PCBs released?

A
  1. Leakage
  2. Spills
  3. Escape from waste storage sites
26
Q

What are 4 examples of toxic trace metals?

A
  1. As
  2. Cd
  3. Hg
  4. Pb
27
Q

What is an important contaminant for wetlands?

A

Mercury

28
Q

What is one of the worst chemicals humans every synthesized?

A

PCBs

29
Q

Why are lead levels increasing?

A

It is due to human activity

- Industrial revolution

30
Q

Lake Superior is now acting more like a ____ rather than a ____

A
  • source

- sink

31
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Those that dissolve readily in water (water-loving) = high solubility

32
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Those that don’t readily dissolve in water (water fearing) = low solubility

33
Q

Where does mercury accumulate?

A

In tissues

- not fat

34
Q

What causes dips in the graph?

A

High sediment loading followed by dilution

35
Q

The extent to which a contaminant is bioavailable upon its arrival in aquatic systems is mainly determined by what?

A

By its solubility in water

36
Q

Hydrophilic contaminants are more likely and less likely to do what compared to hydrophobic?

A
  • Contaminants are more available for direct nutrient uptake
  • Less likely to be removed by sedimentation or filter-feeding organisms
37
Q

What does electronegativity represent?

A

The power of an atom to attract electrons to itself in a covalent bond

38
Q

The greater the electronegativity is the ____ the solubility is

A

Lower

39
Q

What does QSAR stand for?

A

Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships

40
Q

What is QSAR?

A

It is a model that first summarizes a supposed relationship between chemical structures and biological activities in a data-set of chemicals

41
Q

Octanol

A

Describes the equilibrium [ ] between water and a solvent

42
Q

What does Kow indicate? (4 things)

A
  1. The uptake potential by organisms
  2. The potential for bioaccumulation from the water
  3. The biomagnification potential in food webs
  4. The residence time of persistent organic pollutants in the enviro
43
Q

More electronegativity has a ___ octanol solubility

A

High

44
Q

Least soluble

A

Highest octanol

45
Q

High Kow

A

More neutrophilic the more they accumulate in fat

- Hydrophobic

46
Q

What does Kow serve as?

A

A surrogate for the solubility of toxic compounds in water

47
Q

Low Kow

A

Hydrophilic

48
Q

Biomagnification

A

The cumulative increase observed in the [ ] of persistent contaminants at successively high levels in food webs
- Obtained from the predator:prey [ ] ratio

49
Q

Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF)

A

Represents the organism [ ] : enviro [ ] ratio

50
Q

What class is most effected by bioaccumulation and least affected?

A 
Most = Class 3 (long food chain)
Least = Class 1 (short food chain)
51
Q

What happens to PCB levels in the body as trophic levels increase?

A

They increase

- Cause harm/damage

Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (14 decks)

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