Terminology

Question 1

Grand Tour

Answer 1

Educational trips to Italy/time for aspiring architects, starting 1660.

Question 2

Ancient Classic Architecture

Answer 2

Inspired from Greek and Roman architecture. Sometimes even directly inspired by Vitruvius.

Question 3

Renaissance

Answer 3

1400-1600.

Showing a conscious revival. Development of certain elements of Ancient Classical Architecture: symmetry, proportion, geometry.

Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and linters. Semicircular arches, hemispherical domes replaced the irregular profiles of the medieval buildings.

Question 4

Baroque

Answer 4

1500-1700.

Begun in Italy, took renaissance architecture and used it in a more rhetorical and theatrical fashion.

Characterized by new explorations of form, light, shadow and dramatic intensity.

Large scale ceiling frescoes, movement, contrast, pilasters and columns.

Question 5

Rococo

Answer 5

“Late baroque” as a reaction to the grandeur, symmetry and strict regulations of the baroque.

Used light colors, asymmetrical design, curves.

Rococo rooms were treated as art with ornate furniture, small sculptures, ornamental mirrors a.s.o.

Question 6

Classicism

Answer 6

Rediscovery of Ancient Greek Architecture.

Up until now, Greek Architecture was mainly regarded as a precursor to Roman Architecture.

Developed during Italian Renaissance.

Symmetry, proportion, geometry, orderly arrangements of columns, pillars a.s.o.

Question 7

Neo-Classicism

Answer 7

1750-1820

Born in Rome in mid 1700, spread through Europe when art students finished their Grand Tour and returned home with newly discovered Greek-Roman ideals.

Started in opposition to the baroque and rococo architecture.

Simplicity and symmetry, Vitruvius and Palladio principles.

Question 8

Nordic Classicism

Answer 8

1910-1930.

Blossomed in the Nordic countries late.

Combination of domestic architecture, Neo-Classicism but also early strings of Modernism from the Deutscher Werkbund.

Question 9

Greek Revival

Answer 9

1750-1840.

Architecture development from late 1700 to early 1800. May be looked upon as the last phase in the development of Neo-Classical architecture.

The Greek struggle for independence in the late 18th century and early 19th century also awakens the enthusiasm for Ancient Greek architecture. This enthusiasm is reflected in particular in the work done by Leo bin Klenze in Munich.

1821 - start of the Greek revolution
1827 - independence of Greece from the Ottoman Kingdom - garuanteed by England
1831 - prince Otto I of Bravaria becomes king of Greece.

Question 10

Gothic Revival

Answer 10

1750-

The gothic revival originates in the middle of the 18th century (1750) in England.

It’s popularity grew rapidly when admirers of neo-gothic styles sought to revive medieval gothic architecture, as a contrast to the neoclassical styles at the time. Almost continuing late 17th century gothic architecture.

Anti modern and anti industrial.

Takes on many different forms, ranging from: Refurbishment (=renovering) of medieval gothic architecture, romantic recreation of medieval gothic, cultural phenomena related to Gothic Revival, Gothic novel, romantic literature, combines fiction, horror and death with romance (dracula)

Landscape garden (William Kent!), romantic and idealized view of nature, inspired by landscape painting. Usually includes: a lake, gently rolling lawns, classical temples, gothic ruins, bridges

Architectural ideas; proto-”functional”ideas - english manor houses are designed from the inside out. National aspect (19th century). Structural thinking (19th century) - medieval gothic architecture is believed to be derived from structural logic and lends itself to translation into iron.

Aesthetic categories introduced by gothic revival:

old: harmony and beauty
new: sublime, picturesque, grotesque