Key Points 1800: New Professions and New Building Types

Question 1

Causes for the industrial revolution in Great Britain.

Answer 1

1760-1820.

History and political situation:
glorious revolution 1688-89, change from absolute to parliamentary monarchy, civil rights, right to property.

Geography: British islands match political entity.

Science culture: Seminal scientific advancements in natural science, physics and mechanics by John Locke
(1632-1704), Robert Hooke (1635-1702) and Isaac Newton (1642-1727).

Technological creativity: Inventions turned into business models.

Market capitalism: Earliest central bank and stock exchange, Bank of England 1694, Royal exchange 1669, London Stock exchange 1801.

International trade: Imports of raw materials from the British Empire.

Change of society: From a feudalistic to a bourgeois (=borgerligt) society.

Question 2

Name the three core concepts of the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 2

• mechanization of manual work by machines
• mechanical production and conversion of energy, primarily by the steam engine
• massive use of raw mineral material, such as coal and iron

Question 3

Name the effects of the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 3

• dramatic increase in productivity, mass production
• divison of labour
• lower prices for industrial products
• higher life expectancy
• rural depopulation
• rapid urbanization, dramatic population growth
• emergence of a working-class proletariat
• transformation of feudal society into a class-society of capitalists and workers

Question 4

Seminal (=nyskapande) inventions of the early industrial revolution

Answer 4

• pig iron (tackjärn/råjärn) in blast furnace (smältugn) with coke (koks, fast kol) rather than charcoal
• spinning jenny
• spinning frame or water frame
• steam engine
• iron rolling and puddling (process to refine iron)
• gas lightning
• electric motor
• Portland cement
• Stockton, Darlington, Liverpool and Manchester Railway

Question 5

Coalbrookdale Bridge

Answer 5

”The Iron Bridge”, England 1775-79, by Abraham Darby III & John Wilkinson.

• Span 30,5 m
• Copying the form of Roman round arch bridge made from stone - arches ”translated” from stone to iron
• Built using techniques from wood constructions
• New process of prefabrication of five identical arches in the workshop and assembly on site.

Question 6

Wearmouth Bridge

Answer 6

In Sunderland, 1793-96, by Thomas Paine

Span 72 m, largest span in the world at that time

Rebuilt in different form 1857-59.

Question 7

Design for Old London Bridge

Answer 7

Unbuilt, 1801, by Thomas Telford

Ca 200 m span.

Question 8

Menai Strait Bridge

Answer 8

1819-26, by Thomas Telford

Span 176 m, first suspension bridge

Question 9

Clifton Suspension Bridge

Answer 9

Over the river Avon, Bristol, England, by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, 1836-64.

Span 214 m, chain suspension bridge.

Question 10

Cotton Mill

Answer 10

Derby, 1792-93, William Strutt

Attempting a fireproof construction, using cast iron instead of wood.

Question 11

Warehouse

Answer 11

Milford, 1792-93, William Strutt

Continuing developing fireproof beams.

Question 12

Castle Foregate Mill

Answer 12

Shrewsbury, 1796-97, by Charles Bage

First cast iron beam construction.

Question 13

New building types after the French Revolution

Answer 13

1. Former feudal or clerical buildings
   - museums
   - libraries
2. Institutions created by the new republic
   - parlaments
   - hospitals
   - schools and universities
   - prisons
3. New buildings that come up in the course of the Industrial Revolution
   - bridges
   - mills and factories
   - railway stations
   - greenhouses
   - galleries
   - exhibition halls
   - department stores

Question 14

Development of the new academic professions architect and engineer in England.

Answer 14

A system of ”apprenticeship” and ”learning on the job” predominates.

Question 15

Development of the new academic professions architect and engineer in France.

Answer 15

A number of public institutions are founded, both before, but in particular after the French Revolution, that more or less institutionalize the different professions of architect and engineer.

Question 16

Two architecture schools and one engineering school before the French Revolution.

Answer 16

1671 Académie Royale d’Architecture, Paris

1699 Bauakademie, Baufakultät der Akademie der Künste, Berlin

1747 École des ponts et chaussées, Paris

Question 17

Four architecture schools after the French Revolution and three of their famous alumni.

Answer 17

1794 École Polytechnique, Paris

1797 École spéciale de Peinture, de Sculpture et d’Architecture, later turned into…

1819 École Royale et spéciale de Beaux-Arts

1829 École centrale des arts et manufactures, Paris

Famous alumni:
Camille Polonceau (french railway system engineer)
William le Baron Jenney (Chicago Skyscrapers)
Gustave Eiffel