Key Points 1800: New Professions and New Building Types Flashcards
Causes for the industrial revolution in Great Britain.
1760-1820.
History and political situation:
glorious revolution 1688-89, change from absolute to parliamentary monarchy, civil rights, right to property.
Geography: British islands match political entity.
Science culture: Seminal scientific advancements in natural science, physics and mechanics by John Locke
(1632-1704), Robert Hooke (1635-1702) and Isaac Newton (1642-1727).
Technological creativity: Inventions turned into business models.
Market capitalism: Earliest central bank and stock exchange, Bank of England 1694, Royal exchange 1669, London Stock exchange 1801.
International trade: Imports of raw materials from the British Empire.
Change of society: From a feudalistic to a bourgeois (=borgerligt) society.
Name the three core concepts of the Industrial Revolution.
- mechanization of manual work by machines
- mechanical production and conversion of energy, primarily by the steam engine
- massive use of raw mineral material, such as coal and iron
Name the effects of the Industrial Revolution.
- dramatic increase in productivity, mass production
- divison of labour
- lower prices for industrial products
- higher life expectancy
- rural depopulation
- rapid urbanization, dramatic population growth
- emergence of a working-class proletariat
- transformation of feudal society into a class-society of capitalists and workers
Seminal (=nyskapande) inventions of the early industrial revolution
- pig iron (tackjärn/råjärn) in blast furnace (smältugn) with coke (koks, fast kol) rather than charcoal
- spinning jenny
- spinning frame or water frame
- steam engine
- iron rolling and puddling (process to refine iron)
- gas lightning
- electric motor
- Portland cement
- Stockton, Darlington, Liverpool and Manchester Railway
Coalbrookdale Bridge
”The Iron Bridge”, England 1775-79, by Abraham Darby III & John Wilkinson.
- Span 30,5 m
- Copying the form of Roman round arch bridge made from stone - arches ”translated” from stone to iron
- Built using techniques from wood constructions
- New process of prefabrication of five identical arches in the workshop and assembly on site.
Wearmouth Bridge
In Sunderland, 1793-96, by Thomas Paine
Span 72 m, largest span in the world at that time
Rebuilt in different form 1857-59.
Design for Old London Bridge
Unbuilt, 1801, by Thomas Telford
Ca 200 m span.
Menai Strait Bridge
1819-26, by Thomas Telford
Span 176 m, first suspension bridge
Clifton Suspension Bridge
Over the river Avon, Bristol, England, by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, 1836-64.
Span 214 m, chain suspension bridge.
Cotton Mill
Derby, 1792-93, William Strutt
Attempting a fireproof construction, using cast iron instead of wood.
Warehouse
Milford, 1792-93, William Strutt
Continuing developing fireproof beams.
Castle Foregate Mill
Shrewsbury, 1796-97, by Charles Bage
First cast iron beam construction.
New building types after the French Revolution
- Former feudal or clerical buildings
- museums
- libraries - Institutions created by the new republic
- parlaments
- hospitals
- schools and universities
- prisons - New buildings that come up in the course of the Industrial Revolution
- bridges
- mills and factories
- railway stations
- greenhouses
- galleries
- exhibition halls
- department stores
Development of the new academic professions architect and engineer in England.
A system of ”apprenticeship” and ”learning on the job” predominates.
Development of the new academic professions architect and engineer in France.
A number of public institutions are founded, both before, but in particular after the French Revolution, that more or less institutionalize the different professions of architect and engineer.
