Terminology

Question 1

Stage 0 survival rate

Answer 1

100%

Question 2

Stage 1 survival rate

Answer 2

100%

Question 3

Stage 2 survival rate

Answer 3

93%

Question 4

Stage 3 survival rate

Answer 4

72%

Question 5

Stage 4 survival rate

Answer 5

22%

Question 6

Why compress?

Answer 6

-breast uniform thickness throughout the whole image
-reduce breast thickness, which reduces geometric blur
-reduce motion, unsharpness
-reduce scatter radiation
-increase contrast
-separates superimposed breast tissue
-reduces radiation dose

Question 7

Basis for digital mammo

Answer 7

-lower dose
-improved image quality
-computer-aided diagnosis software
-softcopy review and digital storage
-elimination of physical storage
-large dynamic range or depth of recorded signals (# of grey-scale shades)
-window width/window level
-increased exposure latitude which is related to dynamic range of exposure technique that will produce an acceptable range of densities. Directly related to contrast. This is a wider range of acceptable exposures without repeating.

Question 8

Indirect capture

Answer 8

First converts xrays into visible light with a scintillator. The visible light is then converted into an electrical signal

Question 9

Amorphous silicon (a-si)

Answer 9

Uses a scintillator made of cesium iodide to convert xrays into light, which is then captured by the photodiodes

Question 10

Direct capture

Answer 10

The xrays are not converted into light, but directly into an electrical signal

Question 11

Amorphous selenium (a-se)

Answer 11

The scintillator is replaced with the amorphous selenium plate that converts the xray photons directly onto electron-hole pairs

Question 12

Contrast resolution

Answer 12

The number of shades of grey that a detector can capture

Question 13

High contrast resolution

Answer 13

Capable of capturing thousands of shades of gray. This permits the imaging of areas that would otherwise be under or overexposed on conventional film

Question 14

CCD (charged coupled device)

Answer 14

Small computer chips which create a digital image used in Fischer SenoScan

Question 15

Micron

Answer 15

A unit of length equal to one million (1/1,000,000) of a meter

Question 16

Pixel

Answer 16

The basic unit of the composition of an image on a television screen, computer monitor, or a similar display (picture element)

Question 17

Pixel pitch

Answer 17

Center of one pixel to the center of another pixel

Question 18

Scintillator

Answer 18

A substance that glow when hit by high-energy particles or photons

Question 19

DEL

Answer 19

detector element

Question 20

BIT

Answer 20

Information single binary digit like 0 or 1. 8 bits=1 byte

Question 21

Latitude

Answer 21

1000:1 - wide in digital allowing a broader range of exposures that will produce an acceptable image. Wide latitude allows digital visualization of the skin and penetration of dense breast tissue

Question 22

Dynamic range

Answer 22

Depth of the recorded signal intensity, as grey-scale shades

Question 23

What is window width?

Answer 23

Contrast of the image. Grey tones of the image. Controlled by the kVp value.

Question 24

What happens when you increase or widen the window width range in pixel values?

Answer 24

Will give less contrast or more gray toning. Reduce detail of image.

Question 25

What happens when you decrease or narrow the window width range in pixel values?

Answer 25

Will give high contrast or more black and white.

Question 26

Window centering (level)

Answer 26

Can manipulate or adjust the brightness of the image. Pixel brightness w/in different portions for image quality. Ma can control brightness alone w/ post processing.

Question 27

Increasing window centering (level) results in

Answer 27

darker/blacker image

Question 28

Decreasing window centering (level) results in

Answer 28

lighter/whiter image

Question 29

Thickness equalization/compensation

Answer 29

Detector looks are variations in pixel density across the image and estimates the thickness of the breast at each pixel

Question 30

DQE (detective quantum efficiency)

Answer 30

measure of dose efficiency

Question 31

MTF (modulation transfer function)

Answer 31

measure of resolution/spatial frequency response.
measure of the transfer of modulation from the subject to the image

Question 32

Increasing signal and decreasing noise (some
electronic noise) in the system does what?

Answer 32

Increases visibility of small structures

Question 33

Indirect detector

Question 34

Direct Detectors

Question 35

Matrix