Patient Education, Assessment, And Treatment Options Flashcards
The biggest risk factor for developing breast cancer
Gender
One of the minor risk factors for developing breast cancer could be
Not breastfeeding
What is the approximate risk of developing breast cancer in a woman whose sister has the disease
Higher than normal risk
A woman with the highest risk of developing breast cancer is
Older than 50 years
Symptoms of a possible breast disease that are not demonstrated on a mammogram may include
Nipple discharge
Which of the following best describes a type of drug treatment given in addition to another breast cancer treatment
Adjuvant chemotherapy
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) or erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2) receptor is
A protein, which functions as a receptor on breast cells
Risk factors associated with undergoing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) include
Increased risk of developing breast cancer
The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that
Women younger than 45 years with a high risk can have modality screening in addition to mammography
Which of the following breast changes should a health care provider evaluate?
Lumps or swelling, skin irritation or dimpling
Which of the following should the technologist document?
Edema, dimpling of the skin
Preexamination instructions that can be given to the patient include
Use a wet-wipe to remove all deodorant
Benefits of communication with the patient include
Helps identify sensitive breast and the reason for the sensitivity, educates the patient, and reveals fears and misconception
The two-step method of breast self-examination is to
Look and feel for changes in the breast
When visually inspecting the breast, the changes that should be recorded include
- Changes in breast size and shape
- Changes in texture or color of the breast
- Indentation on the skin of the breast
The patient’s medical history and documentation will
- Provide the radiologist information about the patient’s risk factors for developing breast cancer
- Provide information about possible benign breast conditions of the patient
In developing patient rapport, the technologist should strive to enhance the patient’s self-esteem. This means that the technologist should
Offer reassurance and encouragement if the patient is confused or unable to help herself
Stressing the importance of the BSE can be controversial because
BSE can cause unnecessary anxiety in women
Which of the following are methods used in BSE?
1) using the pads of the three middle fingers to palpate entire breast
2) palpating around to the breast in a vertical pattern
3) using varying degrees of pressure while palpating of the breast
For a menstruating woman, when is the best time of the most perform BSE?
One week after the menstrual cycle ends
Which of the following statements are true? 
1) breast cancer death rates in the United States are going down
2) The second leading cause of cancer related deaths among women in the United States is breast cancer
Post menopausal obesity is associated with
Circulating estrogen that is produced in fatty tissue
In routine mammography, the glandular dose per projection is generally approximately
1 to 2 mGy (0.1-0.2 rad)
Which of the following age groups is likely to get the most radiation dose during mammography?
20 to 35 years
Approximately what percentage of women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime?
13%
During mammography, which of the following will affect the average glandular dose per breast
1) degree of breast compression
2) the half-value layer (HVL) of the xray beam
3) breast size and composition
Patients who are allowed to play an active role in applying compression are usually
1) more likely to tolerate the compression
2) more relaxed during the compression
In breast imaging, the dose calculation is based on
Dose absorbed by the glandular tissue of the breast
What is the purpose of requesting the patient to provide prior mammograms before starting the mammogram exam?
To provide the radiologist with an additional aid
The age of a woman undergoing HRT is likely to be
More than 40 years
The term primipara refers to a woman who
Has given birth once
In mammography, information included on the medical history documentation includes which of the following as they relate to the breast?
1) patient’s history of trauma
2) history of surgery
3) unusual skin condition
Nullipara
Woman who has never borne a child or carried a fetus to the point of viability
Objective data
Signs that can be seen, heard, or felt and other factors such as laboratory reports
Subjective data
Symptoms that are perceived by the affected individual only
All of the following are forms of subjective patient data, except
1) the patient has a palpable lump in the right breast
When questioning a patient to obtain an accurate patient history,
Start with open ended questions and then follow up with more direct inquiries
Which of the following are positive questioning skills that the technologist can use when verifying the accuracy of patient information?
Repeating information
What is the purpose of “probing” questions when interviewing patients?
Clarifies information by asking for specific details
In gathering more information about a patient’s complaint of pain, a good probing question to ask would be
“If the pain comes and goes, how often does it occur?”
There are two types of data collection processes. If the patient says that she has a bruise on the left breast, this information is regarded as
Objective
What is the purpose of repetition when questioning the patient?
To summarize
“Where is your pain?” Is an example of
An open-ended question
Which of the following will not result in increased breast cancer risks?
Having the first child before the age of 30 years
Approximately how many women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer each year?
268,600
Methods of acknowledging the patient and treating the patient courteously can include all of the following, except
Avoiding eye contact
Two disadvantages specifically related to 2D mammography screening include
1) the glandularity of the breast can impact visualization of cancers
2) mammography will not image all cancers
The glandular dose is
Associated with dose to the radiosensitive cells of the breast
Having a dense breast will
Increase the risk of developing breast cancer
The technologist should review the previous mammography report to
Confirm the type of examination (screening or diagnostic) needed
Why should the patient wipe off deodorant before mammography?
Deodorant can mimic malignant calcifications
A side effect of tamoxifen treatment is
Uterine cancer
“Lumpectomy” describes the process of
Removing the breast cancer tumor and margins of surrounding normal breast tissue
Radiation therapy can be used
1) with other treatment options
2) to kill any remaining cancer cells in the breast or the chest wall area
3) to shrink tumor before surgery
Chemotherapy can be used to
kill cancer cells in other parts of the body
Breast reconstruction can involve the placement of small fluid-filled sacs behind the pectoral muscle. Two common types of such implants are
Silicone or saline implants
Chemotherapy
Involves the use of drugs to treat cancer that may have spread
A process of removing tissue and fat from the abdomen and transferring that tissue and fat to reconstruct the breast is called
Deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap
Antiestrogen drugs, such as tamoxifen, can be used to
1) slow or stop the growth of cancer
2) prevent breast cancer in high-risk women
3) prevent the recurrence of breast cancer
The most common immunohistochemical (IHC) tumor marker is
Estrogen receptor-positive
A process by which the breast size is increased by using implants is called
Augmentation mammoplasty
The removal of one to three axillary nodes for testing is included in a
Sentinel node biopsy
Which of the following are side effects of radiation treatment?
1) loss of appetite
2) fatigue
3) heaviness of the breast
A big advantage of brachytherapy over traditional radiation therapy treatments is
Reduced time of treatment
The side effects of chemotherapy include
Low red blood cell count
What is tamoxifen treatment?
An adjuvant therapy by using drugs to reduce the risk of developing certain cancers
“Cosmetic intervention” is
1) surgical reconstruction of the breast at the patient’s request
2) breast augmentation for personal reasons
The side effects of chemotherapy are related to the effect of the drug on
All tissues and organs in the body
A surgical treatment procedure that removes the breast tissue, skin, nipple, and areola but leaves the lymph nodes intact is called
Simple mastectomy
Which of the following are contraindications for lumpectomy?
1) previous lumpectomy
2) multiple cancer site in on breast
3) large tumors in small breast
The staging of cancer determines
1) whether the cancer is invasive
2) the exact tumor size
3) whether the cancer has spread to distant sites
Which of the following is a name given to the clear fluid that can sometimes form and a complication to the mastectomy procedure?
Seroma
“Neoadjuvant chemotherapy” refers to the treatment
Before the surgery to help shrink cancerous tumors
What is thrombocytopenia?
Low platelet count
