Temperament,Personality,&Identity Review Flashcards
Ofthe temperament traits, behavioral___has been most clearly linked to genetic factors and to future personality characteristics. According to Thomas & Chess’s___model, a child’s adjustment is related to the degree to which the parent’s behaviors match the child’s temperament.
inhibition; goodness-of-fit model;
During each of Freud’s five psychosexual stages of development, the__is centered in a different part ofthebody. For example, during the___stage, the mouth is the focus of the sensation and stimulation, and weaning is the primary source of conflict. Erickson’s theory posits 8 stages of psychosocial development that encompass the lifespan. The first stage(infancy) involves a conflict between _________;the second stage (toddlerhood) is characterized by a crisis involving______; crisis of early childhood is_______; school age crisis deals with_____;
and the primary crisis of adolescence is a conflict between_____. Young adulthood crisis is Intimacy vs.____. Middle adulthood crisis is________.Finally, a successful outcome of the last stage of life (ego integrity vs. despair) is characterized by the development of____ and a sense of integrity.
libido;oral; basic trust vs. basic mistrust;Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt; initiative vs. guilt; Industry vs. Inferiority; Identity vs. Role Confusion; Isolation; Generativity vs. Stagnation; wisdom
Levinson’s developmental theory (“seasons of a man’s life”) emphasizes the____from one period to the next. In midlife there is a deflation of The Dream and a shift in perspective from time-since-birth to____.
transition; time left to live
Baumrind and colleagues distinguish between four parenting styles: Authoritarian parents exhibit a high degree of demandingness and low___. Their children are often irritable and aggressive and have low self-esteem and low___.______parents combine rational control with with responsivity and encouragement of independence.Children of these parents are assertive, self-confident, and___ -oriented and obtain high grades in school. ____ parents are warm and caring but make few demands and are nonpunative, while ____parents exhibit low levels of both responsivity and demandingness. The research has found that adolescent delinquency is associated with a lack of parental warmth, a lack of____, and inconsistent or harsh discipline. Maternal depression increases a child’s risk for emotional and behavioral problems and is associated with ___attachment in infants and preschoolers.
responsivity; academic achievement; Authoritative; achievement; Passive;Rejecting-Neglecting; supervision;insecure
From ages 2 to 6, self-descriptions focus on concrete physical characteristics,___, and preferences; and in middle-childhood(ages 6 to 10), children’s selfdescriptions often refer to their____. Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental theory proposes that gender-role development entails a predictable sequence of stages–i.e., gender identity, gender stability, and gender___. According to Bem’s____theory, children develop conceptual frameworks about what is expected of them as girls or boys and then apply those frameworks to their own behavior.
specific behaviors;competencies;constancy; gender schema
Erickson proposed that the primary developmental task of adolescence is the achievement of a coherent____. According to Marcia, this involves four stages(statuses)–diffusion, foreclosure,__, and achievement. Gilligan argues that, in early adolescence, girls experience a ___as the result of increasing pressure to conform to cultural stereotypes about the “perfect good woman.”
identity; Moritorium; relational crisis
Most children do not understand that death is universal and irreversal and reflects a biological process until about age____. Among adults, anxiety about death is generally greatest in_____. Kubler-Ross described a person’s reaction to facing his or her own death in terms of 5 stages: denial, anger, ____, depression, and acceptance.
10; middle-age; bargaining
