Cognitive Development Program Review

Question 1

According to Piaget, adaptation reflects two complementary processes: (1)______involves incorporating new information into existing schemas, while (2) ____entails modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information. Piaget distinguished between 4 stages of development that he considered to be both universal and invariant; Duringthe_____, development depends on the sensory information provided by objects and other people and the actions that can be performed upon them. Major accomplishments of this stage include the development of____thought,_____permanence, and ____imitation and make-believe play. The preoperational stage is characterized by a number of limitations including____reasoning,which underlies magical thinking, and_____,or the inability to recognize that others have a different perspective. Children in the ____stage are capable of mental operations such as reversibility and decentration,which underlie the ability to_____. Finally, the_____stage is characterized by the ability to think abstractly and engage in __reasoning. The beginning of this stage involves renewed egocentrism, wich, according to Elkind, is reflected in two phenomena–the personal fable and the____.

Answer 1

assimilation; accommodation; Sensorimotor; representational(symbolic); object; deferred; precausal(transductive);egocentricism; Concrete; conserve; Formal operational; hypothetico-deductive; imaginary audience

Question 2

In contrast to Piagetians, information processing theorists focus on the development within specific____. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory focuses on the role of social and cultural factors and emphasizes the importance of the zone of_____, which refers to the discrepancy between a child’s current developmental level and the level that he/she can reach when an adult or more experienced peer provides appropriate_____.

Answer 2

cognitive domains; proximal development; scaffolding;

Question 3

Research comparing the memory of children and adults suggests that, until about age___, children do not regularly use rehearsal, elaboration, and other memory strategies. Improvements on cognitive tasks that occur as children get older are due,in part, to to improvements in___(“thinking about thinking”). Among older adults,__memory shows the greatest age-related declines, which appear to be due primarily to problems related to the use of effective _____strategies. The ability of adults to have better recall of autobiographical events that occurred between the ages of 10 and 30 is referred to as the____. Investigators interested in giftedness have found that gifted children process information more rapidly, use more effective learning strategies, and may have better_____skills than do their nongifted peers.

Answer 3

9 or 10; metacognition; recent long-term(secondary); encoding; reminiscence bump; metacognitive