Temperament Flashcards
What are three different approaches to temperament? Who proposed them?
1. P____ approach (T____ & C____)
2. P____ t____ (D____, B____ & P____)
3. I____ d____ (R____ & B____)
- Pediatric approach (Thomas & Chess)
- Personality tradition (Diamond; Buss & Plomin)
- Individual differences (Rothbart & Bates)
What is the paediatric approach to temperaments definition?
Temperament may best be viewed as a general term referring to the ____ of behaviour […] concerns the way in which an individual ____
“Temperament may best be viewed as a general term referring to the how of behaviour […] concerns the way in which an individual behaves”
What are the constituents of the paediatric approach?
1. A____ level
2. R____
3. A____-w____
4. A____
5. Threshold of r____
6. Intensity of r____
7. Quality of m____
8. D____
9. A____ span
Activity level
Regularity
Approach-Withdrawal
Adaptability
Threshold of responsiveness
Intensity of reaction
Quality of mood
Distractibility
Attention Span
What is the 3-way typology of children?
Easy
Difficult
Slow-to-warm-up
How do we define temperament in the personality tradition approach?
We define temperament as a set of inherited personality traits that appear early in life”
What are the constituents of personality tradition?
E____
A____
S____
Emotionality
Activity
Sociability
What are the key points of the definition of temperament in the individual differences approach?
- Based individual differences in e____, m____ and a____ reactivity and self-r____
- Temperamental characteristics are seen to demonstrate c____ across s____, as well as relitive s____ over t____
based individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation
Temperamental characteristics are seen to demonstrate consistency across situations, as well as relative stability over time
What are the constituents of individual differences?
1. Fearful d____/i____
2. Irritable d____
3. Attention s____ and p____
4. A____ level
5. Positive a____/a____
6. R____
7. A____/a____
Fearful distress/inhibition
Irritable distress
Attention span and persistence
Activity level
Positive affect/approach
Rhythmicity
Agreeableness/adaptability
What are three disagreements of temperament?
1. Differing b____ for temperament
2. Different c____
3. Relationship between t____ and p____ constructed differently
- Differing boundaries for temperament
- Different constituents
- Relationship between temperament and personality constructed differently
What traits are meant by the “EAS” traits?
Emotionality, activity, sociability
What roles do genetic and environmental factors play in temperament?
S____ in temperament is m____ primarily by g____ factors
E____ factors account for much of the c____ seen from a____-to-a____
Stability in temperament is mediated primarily by genetic factors, whereas environmental factors account for much of the change seen from age-to-age
When do “Goodness of fit” and “Poorness of fit” occur?
Goodness of fit results when the child’s capacities, motivations and temperament are adequate to master the demands, expectations and opportunities of the environment.
Poorness of fit results when the child’s characteristics are inadequate to master the challenges of the environment, and this leads to maladaptive functioning and distorted development
What are difficult and active babies at increased risk for?
C____
S____ problems
E____ c____
A____ pain
colic, sleep problems, excessive crying, and abdominal pain
What was the results and interpretation of Caspi et al., 1995?
R = lack of c____ best predictor esp for e____ problems
I = p____ behaviours merely the “b____” end of temperament
Early individual p____ of children shape subsequent i____ with people, their e____ and these p____-e____ interactions precipitate p____ behaviour.
Results: Lack of control best predictor, esp. for externalising problems
Interpretation: Problem behaviours/psychopathology merely the “business” end of temperament/personality.
Early individual propensities of children shape subsequent interactions with people, their environment, and these person-environment interactions precipitate problem behaviour.
Temperament is not meaningful without?
Reference to the social context
