Expression and recognising emotional expressions

Question 1

What are the three broad areas that children’s emotional development can be broadly divided into?
1. The ability to r____ different emotional e____
2. Children’s u____ of emotions
3. How y____ children become able to r____ their emotions

Answer 1

1. The ability to recognise different emotional expressions
2. Children’s understanding of emotions
3. How young children become able to regulate their emotions

Question 2

What did Darwin (1872) argue about facial expressions?
What are the two ways this has been investigated?

Answer 2

The ability to communicate emotions through facial expressions is innate
1. Whether different emotional facial expressions are UNIVERSALLY understood
2. Whether newborns spontaneously produce recognisable facial expressions

Question 3

What did Ekman and Frieden (1971) find when showing Fore people from New Guinea photographs of Western adults’ facial expressions?
C____-c____ similarities in adult’s i____ of facial expressions
Ekman (1973) found the same when A____ where shown facial expressions of the F____ p____

Answer 3

Cross-cultural similarities in adults’ interpretations of facial expressions
Ekman (1973) found the same when Americans were showed face expressions of the Fore people

Question 4

What are some examples of basic and complex emotions?

Answer 4

Basic = happiness, interest, surprise, disgust, sadness, distress, anger and fear
Complex = Pride, shyness, jealousy, guilt, shame, embarrassment

Question 5

Reddy and colleagues found that infants as young as what could display shyness and embarrassment?

Answer 5

2-4 months

Question 6

What has research shown about adults’ ability to judge facial expressions in infants?

Answer 6

Able to accurately judge facial expressions following either a pleasant or unpleasant experience but less accurate in discriminating types of negative facial expression

Question 7

Explain how infants understanding facial expressions has been investigated through habituation-dishabituation

Answer 7

If you show an infant the same stimulus repeatedly they will become bored and look at it less (i.e. habituate), if you show them a new stimulus, looking time will identify if they recognize that it is different

Question 8

Barrera and Maurer (1981) found 3-month-old could distinguish between…

Answer 8

Smiling and frowning

Question 9

Caron et al. (1982) found 4-7-month-olds could distinguish between…

Answer 9

Happiness and surprise

Question 10

Explain Repacholi and Gopnik (1997) study
(Feeding experimenter)

Answer 10

Infants watched experimenter taste broccoli and crackers, reacting positively to broccoli and negatively to crackers. 18 month olds selected to ‘feed’ the experimenter broccoli even though personal preference for cracker

Question 11

What is meant by social referencing and at what age do children start to do this?

Answer 11

Infants look at the caregiver for how to act or respond
At around 10 months

Question 12

What is emotion contagion?

Answer 12

Infants demonstrate the same emotion as their caregiver

Question 13

The effect of social referencing is particularly enhanced when…

Answer 13

The child feels uncertain

Question 14

What are the two things parent influence can be?

Answer 14

1. Direct (language or action)
2. Indirect (Observation and modelling)

Question 15

Explain Murry et al (2008) study into modelling and mental health

Answer 15

Sample of mothers with social anxiety and control mothers
Mothers interacted with a stranger in full view of their child
Children first observed at 10 months and again at 14 months
Mothers with social phobia displayed more anxiety during interaction with stranger. Less engaged with the stranger and less encouraging of their child’s interaction with the stranger.
At 10 months no difference in infant behaviour
At 14 months, infants who were behaviorally inhibited and had mothers with social phobia showed increased avoidance of stranger by 14 months

Question 16

What are Rachman’s (1977) 3 pathways to fear learning?

Answer 16

Classical conditioning, observation and verbal information

Question 17

Describe Pass et al (2017) experiment
(Mothers talking about school)

Answer 17

65 preschool children and their mothers
Asked the mothers ‘are you worried about your child starting school?’
Asked the mothers to talk to their child about social aspects of school.
Children used doll-play to complete brief scenarios about school
Mothers who said they were worried were more likely to:
mention unresolved threat
use at least one anxiety-related word
show clear/consistent negativity across their description of school
Emotional tone of mother’s description was associated with child’s own representations of school