Intelligence

Question 1

What is the definition of intelligence according to…
1. Weschler, 1975
-> the c____ of a person to u____ the w____ and meet its d____
2. Kline, 1991
-> a general r____ capacity useful in p____ solving tasks of all kinds
3. Humphreys, 1994
-> the total intellectual r____ of behavioural r____ than an individual has attained at any given point in t____
4. Jensen, 1994
-> Some general p____ of q____ of the brain

Answer 1

1. The capacity of a person to understand the world and meet its demands
2. A general reasoning capacity useful in problem-solving tasks of all kinds
3. The total intellectual repertoire of behavioural responses that an individual has attained at any given point in time
4. Some general property of quality of the brain

Question 2

Fill in the gaps about Spearman (1904) research into “General Intelligence”
1. Collected _____ achievement and test score data from _____ schools
2. Evidence of _____ correlations across differing ______
3. Created _____ analysis to analyse this _______
4. ______ factor account for majority of _____ - labelled “__” - general cognitive ability

Answer 2

1. school, English
2. positive, abilities
3. factor, covariance
4. Single, variance, g

Question 3

Define Fluid intelligence
Basic r____ ability that can be applied to a wide range of p____
Highly h____, b____ based

Answer 3

Basic reasoning ability that can be applied to a wide range of problems
Highly heritable, biologically based

Question 4

What is crystallised intelligence?

Answer 4

Factual knowledge about the world (often culturally specific)

Question 5

What is the investment theory?

Answer 5

Crystallised ability develops through investing fluid ability in specific learning experiences

Question 6

What does the Three-Statum Theory (Carroll, 1993) attempt to do?

Answer 6

Reconcile competing perspectives on the structure of intelligence

Question 7

What are the three stratums?

Answer 7

Stratum 1 - narrow abilities
Stratum 2 - broad abilities
Stratum 3 - g

Question 8

Intelligence is an abstract concept. How can we measure it?

Answer 8

Observe an individual’s ac ions on tasks that require aspects of intelligence

Question 9

IQ is meant to represent ______ rather than current performance

Answer 9

capacity

Question 10

How do we calculate IQ?

Answer 10

IQ = mental age (raw score) / expected score for age (drawn from population) x 100
Thus IQ should remain stable over the life course

Question 11

What percentage of the population fall between 1sd and 2sds of the mean?

Answer 11

68% fall within 1 sd
95% within 2 sds

Question 12

What is a main strength and weakness of IQ tests?

Answer 12

Strength - predictability
Weakness - Internal validity concerns

Question 13

What does heritability refer to?

Answer 13

The amount of variance that can be explained by genetic differences between individuals within a population

Question 14

What are the three components of phenotypic variation (P)?

Answer 14

1. Heritability
2. Shared environment
3. Non-shared environment

Question 15

Define phenotype

Answer 15

A set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism

Question 16

What two things are more heritable than intelligence in primary school?

Answer 16

Literacy and numeracy

Question 17

The heritability of intelligence increases from what percentage in childhood to what percentage in later adulthood?

Answer 17

~40% in childhood
~80% in later adulthood

Question 18

What are the three different types of gene-environment correlation?
1. P____ - the association between the g____ a child i____ from their parents and the e____ in which the child is r____
2. E____ - when an individual’s h____ behaviour evokes an e____ r____
3. A____ - when an individual possesses a h____ i____ to select e____ e____

Answer 18

Passive - The association between the genotype a child inherits from their parents and the environment in which the child is raised
Ecoactive (reactive) - When an individual’s heritable behaviour evokes an environmental response
Active - When an individual possesses a heritable inclination to select environmental exposure

Question 19

Complex traits are ______ traits

Answer 19

Polygenic

Question 20

Cognitive traits are controlled by more than one genetic variant. Each genetic variant is _____ to the others…

Answer 20

Additive

Question 21

What are the two hallmarks of polygenic traits?

Answer 21

1. A bell curve distribution
2. A continuous distribution

Question 22

What are the three environmental influences on cognitive ability?

Answer 22

1. Family influences
2. Influences of schooling
3. Influences of society

Question 23

What two things does Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) positively correlate with?
1. ____ scores
2. S____ a____

Answer 23

IQ scores
School achievement

Question 24

Positive sibling ties can affect c____ d____

Answer 24

Cognitive development

Question 25

What are two things (family) influenced by genetic factors?
1. P____
2. I____ e____

Answer 25

1. Parenting
2. Intellectual environment

Question 26

What is meant by non-shared family environment?

Answer 26

Environmental influences that differ from child-to-child even within the same home

Question 27

Schooling has an affect on what?

Answer 27

Intelligence test performance

Question 28

Influence of overall non-shared environment increases with what?

Answer 28

Age

Question 29

Compare when children make gains in achievement tests in low-SES families and high-SES families

Answer 29

Low-SES - Children make gains in achievement tests over term time but not over summer time
High-SES families - children continue to make some gains in achievement tests

Question 30

What is meant by a standardised score?

Answer 30

How your score sits within a whole population that’s being tested

Question 31

How do you calculate phenotypic variation?

Answer 31

P = A + C + E
P = h^2 + c^2 + e^2
A or h^2 = heritability
C or c^2 = shared environment
E or e^2 = non-shared environment