Intelligence Flashcards
What is the definition of intelligence according to…
1. Weschler, 1975
-> the c____ of a person to u____ the w____ and meet its d____
2. Kline, 1991
-> a general r____ capacity useful in p____ solving tasks of all kinds
3. Humphreys, 1994
-> the total intellectual r____ of behavioural r____ than an individual has attained at any given point in t____
4. Jensen, 1994
-> Some general p____ of q____ of the brain
- The capacity of a person to understand the world and meet its demands
- A general reasoning capacity useful in problem-solving tasks of all kinds
- The total intellectual repertoire of behavioural responses that an individual has attained at any given point in time
- Some general property of quality of the brain
Fill in the gaps about Spearman (1904) research into “General Intelligence”
1. Collected _____ achievement and test score data from _____ schools
2. Evidence of _____ correlations across differing ______
3. Created _____ analysis to analyse this _______
4. ______ factor account for majority of _____ - labelled “__” - general cognitive ability
- school, English
- positive, abilities
- factor, covariance
- Single, variance, g
Define Fluid intelligence
Basic r____ ability that can be applied to a wide range of p____
Highly h____, b____ based
Basic reasoning ability that can be applied to a wide range of problems
Highly heritable, biologically based
What is crystallised intelligence?
Factual knowledge about the world (often culturally specific)
What is the investment theory?
Crystallised ability develops through investing fluid ability in specific learning experiences
What does the Three-Statum Theory (Carroll, 1993) attempt to do?
Reconcile competing perspectives on the structure of intelligence
What are the three stratums?
Stratum 1 - narrow abilities
Stratum 2 - broad abilities
Stratum 3 - g
Intelligence is an abstract concept. How can we measure it?
Observe an individual’s ac ions on tasks that require aspects of intelligence
IQ is meant to represent ______ rather than current performance
capacity
How do we calculate IQ?
IQ = mental age (raw score) / expected score for age (drawn from population) x 100
Thus IQ should remain stable over the life course
What percentage of the population fall between 1sd and 2sds of the mean?
68% fall within 1 sd
95% within 2 sds
What is a main strength and weakness of IQ tests?
Strength - predictability
Weakness - Internal validity concerns
What does heritability refer to?
The amount of variance that can be explained by genetic differences between individuals within a population
What are the three components of phenotypic variation (P)?
- Heritability
- Shared environment
- Non-shared environment
Define phenotype
A set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism
What two things are more heritable than intelligence in primary school?
Literacy and numeracy
The heritability of intelligence increases from what percentage in childhood to what percentage in later adulthood?
~40% in childhood
~80% in later adulthood
What are the three different types of gene-environment correlation?
1. P____ - the association between the g____ a child i____ from their parents and the e____ in which the child is r____
2. E____ - when an individual’s h____ behaviour evokes an e____ r____
3. A____ - when an individual possesses a h____ i____ to select e____ e____
Passive - The association between the genotype a child inherits from their parents and the environment in which the child is raised
Ecoactive (reactive) - When an individual’s heritable behaviour evokes an environmental response
Active - When an individual possesses a heritable inclination to select environmental exposure
Complex traits are ______ traits
Polygenic
Cognitive traits are controlled by more than one genetic variant. Each genetic variant is _____ to the others…
Additive
What are the two hallmarks of polygenic traits?
- A bell curve distribution
- A continuous distribution
What are the three environmental influences on cognitive ability?
- Family influences
- Influences of schooling
- Influences of society
What two things does Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) positively correlate with?
1. ____ scores
2. S____ a____
IQ scores
School achievement
Positive sibling ties can affect c____ d____
Cognitive development
What are two things (family) influenced by genetic factors?
1. P____
2. I____ e____
- Parenting
- Intellectual environment
What is meant by non-shared family environment?
Environmental influences that differ from child-to-child even within the same home
Schooling has an affect on what?
Intelligence test performance
Influence of overall non-shared environment increases with what?
Age
Compare when children make gains in achievement tests in low-SES families and high-SES families
Low-SES - Children make gains in achievement tests over term time but not over summer time
High-SES families - children continue to make some gains in achievement tests
What is meant by a standardised score?
How your score sits within a whole population that’s being tested
How do you calculate phenotypic variation?
P = A + C + E
P = h^2 + c^2 + e^2
A or h^2 = heritability
C or c^2 = shared environment
E or e^2 = non-shared environment
