Temp Flashcards
Hypotonic Solution
Hypotonic solution:
-Higher water potential outside the cell
-Water moves into plant cell
-Cell becomes turgid - maintains rigidity
-Too much could cause cell to burst/lysis
Isotonic solution
Isotonic solution:
-Water movement balanced
-Plant cell shape maintained, ideal condition
Hypertonic Solution
Hypertonic solution:
-Water moves out of plant cell due to gradient and cell loses turgor pressure
-Causes cell to become flaccid and wilt
What is the ventilation equation?
Ventilation equation = tidal volume x breathing rate
What is vital capacity?
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after the maximum inhalation
What is tidal volume?
Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a single breath at rest
Oxygen uptake and ventilation relationship
-Body adjusts ventilation to meet the oxygen demands of tissues during varying levels of physical activity
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
Components of the lymphatic system:
-Lymphatic vessels (transport lymph throughout the body)
-Lymph nodes (filters lymph to remove pathogens, contained WBC)
-Lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils)
-Thymus (site of T cell maturation)
-Spleen (filteres blood)
-Tonsils (traps pathogens)
Functions of the lymphatic system
Functions of the lymphatic system:
-Fluid balance (returns excess inserstitial fluid to bloodstream)
-Immune response
-Nutrient absorption
-Transport of white blood cells
What is lymph?
Lymph = a clear fluid containing white blood cells and waste products
Key components of an ECG trace?
Key components of an ECG trace:
-P wave (Atrial systole)
-QRS (ventricular systole)
-T wave (ventricular diastole)
ECG interpretations
ECG interpretation:
-Bradychardia = heart rate below normal
-Tachycardia = heart rate above normal
-Atrial/Ventricular fibrillation = irregular
-Ectopic heartbeat = early heartbeat followed by a pause
What is root pressure?
Root pressure = occurs when minerals are actively transported into the roots, creating a positive pressure that pushes water up the xylem
What are sieve tube elements in the phloem?
Sieve tube elements in the phloem = living cells in the phloem responsible for transporting sugars
What are companion cells in the phloem?
Companion cells in the phloem = supports and assist sieve tube elements in the phloem
Mechanism of transpiration
Mechanism of transpiration:
-Water is absorbed by the roots from the soil and transported to the leaves through the xylem
What are the factors affecting transpiration?
Factors affecting transpiration:
-Temperature (due to evaporation)
-Humidity
-Light intensity
-Wind speed
-Soil water availability
Xerophyte adaptations to reduce transpiraiton
Xerophyte adaptations to reduce transpiraiton:
-Reduced leaf surface
-Thick waxy cuticle
-Sunken stomata (reduce exposure to wind)
-Hairy leaves (creates a layer of still air)
What is mass flow?
Mass flow explains the movement of organic solutes in the phloem from source to sink tissues, driven by a pressure gradient
Outline the process of mass flow
Process of mass flow:
-Loading at the source tissues (where sugars are produced, sugars actively transported into sieve tube elements)
–Sugars move from high hydrostatic pressure to low hydrostatic pressure at the sink where it is unloaded/actively transported out sieve tube elements into sink cells
-This also affects water potential
Evidence supporting mass flow
Evidence supporting mass flow:
-Ring barking experiments = ring disrupts phloem, mass flow inhibited, sugars should be built up above the tree ring
-Radioactively labeled sugars to detect movement
What are the adaptations for hydrophytes?
Hydrophyte adaptations:
-Reduced roots
-Somata on the upper surface of leaves
-Air spaces for buoyancy and gas exchange
-Waterborne pollen and seeds for quick dispersal
-Thin waxy cuticle
Structures found within the mitochondria
Structures found within the mitochondria:
-Outer membrane
-Intermembrane space
-Inner membrane
-Cristae (membrane folds)
-Matrix (fluid, conains dna, enzymes etc)
-Mitochondrial DNA (mitochondrial proteins)
-Ribosomes
-ATP synthase complex
-Protein trnasporters
-TOM complex
-TIM complex
Components and their functions of the brain
Components and their functions of the brain:
-Cerebrum (conscious thought)
-Cerebellum (movements, posture, balance)
-Brain stem (HR, BP)
-Thalamus (sensory)
-Hypothalamus (temp and osmo regulation)
-Pituitary gland (regulates hormones)
-Hippocampus (spatial navigation)
