Temp

Question 1

Hypotonic Solution

Answer 1

Hypotonic solution:
-Higher water potential outside the cell
-Water moves into plant cell
-Cell becomes turgid - maintains rigidity
-Too much could cause cell to burst/lysis

Question 2

Isotonic solution

Answer 2

Isotonic solution:
-Water movement balanced
-Plant cell shape maintained, ideal condition

Question 3

Hypertonic Solution

Answer 3

Hypertonic solution:
-Water moves out of plant cell due to gradient and cell loses turgor pressure
-Causes cell to become flaccid and wilt

Question 4

What is the ventilation equation?

Answer 4

Ventilation equation = tidal volume x breathing rate

Question 5

What is vital capacity?

Answer 5

Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after the maximum inhalation

Question 6

What is tidal volume?

Answer 6

Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a single breath at rest

Question 7

Oxygen uptake and ventilation relationship

Answer 7

-Body adjusts ventilation to meet the oxygen demands of tissues during varying levels of physical activity

Question 7

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

Answer 7

Components of the lymphatic system:
-Lymphatic vessels (transport lymph throughout the body)
-Lymph nodes (filters lymph to remove pathogens, contained WBC)
-Lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils)
-Thymus (site of T cell maturation)
-Spleen (filteres blood)
-Tonsils (traps pathogens)

Question 8

Functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 8

Functions of the lymphatic system:
-Fluid balance (returns excess inserstitial fluid to bloodstream)
-Immune response
-Nutrient absorption
-Transport of white blood cells

Question 9

What is lymph?

Answer 9

Lymph = a clear fluid containing white blood cells and waste products

Question 10

Key components of an ECG trace?

Answer 10

Key components of an ECG trace:
-P wave (Atrial systole)
-QRS (ventricular systole)
-T wave (ventricular diastole)

Question 11

ECG interpretations

Answer 11

ECG interpretation:
-Bradychardia = heart rate below normal
-Tachycardia = heart rate above normal
-Atrial/Ventricular fibrillation = irregular
-Ectopic heartbeat = early heartbeat followed by a pause

Question 12

What is root pressure?

Answer 12

Root pressure = occurs when minerals are actively transported into the roots, creating a positive pressure that pushes water up the xylem

Question 13

What are sieve tube elements in the phloem?

Answer 13

Sieve tube elements in the phloem = living cells in the phloem responsible for transporting sugars

Question 14

What are companion cells in the phloem?

Answer 14

Companion cells in the phloem = supports and assist sieve tube elements in the phloem

Question 15

Mechanism of transpiration

Answer 15

Mechanism of transpiration:
-Water is absorbed by the roots from the soil and transported to the leaves through the xylem

Question 16

What are the factors affecting transpiration?

Answer 16

Factors affecting transpiration:
-Temperature (due to evaporation)
-Humidity
-Light intensity
-Wind speed
-Soil water availability

Question 17

Xerophyte adaptations to reduce transpiraiton

Answer 17

Xerophyte adaptations to reduce transpiraiton:
-Reduced leaf surface
-Thick waxy cuticle
-Sunken stomata (reduce exposure to wind)
-Hairy leaves (creates a layer of still air)

Question 18

What is mass flow?

Answer 18

Mass flow explains the movement of organic solutes in the phloem from source to sink tissues, driven by a pressure gradient

Question 19

Outline the process of mass flow

Answer 19

Process of mass flow:
-Loading at the source tissues (where sugars are produced, sugars actively transported into sieve tube elements)
–Sugars move from high hydrostatic pressure to low hydrostatic pressure at the sink where it is unloaded/actively transported out sieve tube elements into sink cells
-This also affects water potential

Question 20

Evidence supporting mass flow

Answer 20

Evidence supporting mass flow:
-Ring barking experiments = ring disrupts phloem, mass flow inhibited, sugars should be built up above the tree ring
-Radioactively labeled sugars to detect movement

Question 21

What are the adaptations for hydrophytes?

Answer 21

Hydrophyte adaptations:
-Reduced roots
-Somata on the upper surface of leaves
-Air spaces for buoyancy and gas exchange
-Waterborne pollen and seeds for quick dispersal
-Thin waxy cuticle

Question 22

Structures found within the mitochondria

Answer 22

Structures found within the mitochondria:
-Outer membrane
-Intermembrane space
-Inner membrane
-Cristae (membrane folds)
-Matrix (fluid, conains dna, enzymes etc)
-Mitochondrial DNA (mitochondrial proteins)
-Ribosomes
-ATP synthase complex
-Protein trnasporters
-TOM complex
-TIM complex

Question 23

Components and their functions of the brain

Answer 23

Components and their functions of the brain:
-Cerebrum (conscious thought)
-Cerebellum (movements, posture, balance)
-Brain stem (HR, BP)
-Thalamus (sensory)
-Hypothalamus (temp and osmo regulation)
-Pituitary gland (regulates hormones)
-Hippocampus (spatial navigation)