Paper 2 Cram

Question 1

What are the methods of transformation in genetic engineering?

Answer 1

Methods of transformation:
-Calcium solution and heat shock
-Electroporation
-Electrofusion

Question 2

Electrophoresis of proteins

Answer 2

Electrophoresis of proteins:
Proteins denatured before electrophoresis in order to expose charges/hydrophobic regions

Question 3

Genetic engineering in plants

Answer 3

Genetic engineering in plants:
-Cut leaf exposed to resistance gene via plasmid
-Transgenic plants form a callus (mass of GM plant cells)
-Callus forms shoots and roots

Question 4

What is synthetic biology?

Answer 4

Synthetic biology = creation of biological sysems
-Genetic engineering
-Immobolised enzymes
-Gene therapy

Question 5

What are non-tandem repeats?

Answer 5

Variable number of non-tandem repeats (VNTR’s)
More closely related= more similar VNTR’s

Question 6

What are the advantages of using microorganisms in industrial processes?

Answer 6

Advantages of using micoorganisms in industrial processes:
-Easily replicable growth conditions -> high yields + cheap
-Lots readily available -> ideal for population growth
-Grown anywhere -> not climate-dependant
-Makes product with less contamination -> less downstream processing