Paper 1 Topics that need practise

Question 1

What is meant by tidal volume?

Answer 1

Tidal volume = volume of air in and out per breath

Question 2

What is meant by vital capacity?

Answer 2

Vital capacity refers to volume of air in and out per strongest breath

Question 3

What is residual volume?

Answer 3

Residual volume = volume of air left in lungs after the strongest exhale

Question 4

How to calculate ventilation rate?

Answer 4

Ventilation rate = tidal volume x breathing rate

Question 5

Artery structure

Answer 5

Artery structure:
-Smooth muscle that eases bloodflow due to high blood pressure
-Elastin to allow stretching as pressure increases with pulse surges

Question 6

Vein structure

Answer 6

-Little elastin due to no pulse surge
-Large lumen
-High collagen for strength

Question 7

Various specialised animal cells

Answer 7

→ Erythrocytes → Biconcave shape (increased surface area to volume ratio to transport more oxygen), No nuclei (more space for haemoglobin), flexibility (move through capillaries)
→ Neutrophils → multi-lobed nucleus → fit through gaps to reach sites of infection
→ Sperm → flagella for movement, lots of mitochondria for ATP supply
→ Squamous epithelium → flat for increased diffusion
→ Cilliated epithelium → contains goblet cells which release mucus that traps pathogens
→ Cartilage (connective tissue) → prevents ends of bones rubbing and causing damage

Question 8

Plant specialised cells and function

Answer 8

→ Palisade cells in plants → thin walls for diffusion and large vacuoles to maintain turgor pressure
→ Root hair cells → root hairs increases surface area to increase water uptake through the roots of the plant
→ Epidermis → found on plant surface and contains the stomata, contains waxy cuticle which helps prevent excessive water loss in plants
→ Xylem → contatains lignin for strength
→ Phloem → transports sucrose via mass flow