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Y13 Biology > M6 Ch22 Cloning and biotechnology > Flashcards

M6 Ch22 Cloning and biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

What is vegetation propogation?

A

Vegetation propogation involves perennating organs which enables plants to survive adverse conditions - faster than growing from a seed - takes cuttings

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2
Q

Examples of plants that are cloned naturally

A

Examples of plants that are cloned naturally:
-Bulbs (form internally and develop into new shoots)
-Runners (lateral stem growing from parents plant eventually touching grownd)
-Rhizosomes (stem running undergrown where buds develop)
-Stem tubers (tip forms tuber - buds develop)

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3
Q

Evaluation of use of cuttings in natural cloning

A

Evaluation of use of cuttings in natural cloning:
+ = fast, guranteed quality
- = vulnerable to some diseases

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4
Q

How cuttings are used in natural cloning

A

How cuttings are used in natural cloning:
-Cut between nodes
-Use of hormone rooting powder
-Cut end of stem placed in damp soil

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5
Q

How sugar cane is cloned?

A

Cloning sugar cane:
-Makes sugar and biofuel
-Propogated by cloining (short lengths with three nodes cut and buried in soil)

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6
Q

What is micropropogation?

A

Micropropogation = plants grown from small pieces of plant tissue on sterile nutrient-rich jelly

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7
Q

When is micropropogation used involving tissue cuttings?

A

Micropropogation is used to produce a new plant when the new plant:
-Does not readilyproduce seeds
-Doesn’t respond to natural cloning well
-Is rare
-Has been genetically modified

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8
Q

Process of micropropagation by callus tissue culture

A

Process of micropropagation by callus tissue culture:
-Cells taken from shoot tip with sterile forceps
-Callus culture in nutrient agar
-Shoot-stimulating hormones added + root stimulating hormones
-Planted into compost

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9
Q

Advantages of micropropogation

A

Micropropogation:
-Rapid clone production
-Culturing meristem tissue is disease-free
-Cultures GE plants
-Reliable way of increasing rare species

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10
Q

Disadvantages of micropropogation

A

Disadvantages of micropropogation :
-Monoculture -> vulnerability to disease
-Expensive
-Requires skilled workers
-Some infected - all will then be infected

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11
Q

Natural cloning in invertebrates

A

Natural cloning in invertebrates = ie hydra producing small buds which develop into clones - occurs naturally without mates - ie aphids

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12
Q

Natural cloning in vertebrates

A

Natural cloning in vertebrates - monozygotic twins - varies across species and trigger is unknown

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13
Q

Artificial cloning in animals

A

Artificial cloning involves totipotent stem cells (formation of entire organisms) and artificial twinning

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14
Q

How does artificial twinning work?

A

-Artifical twinning is when the early embryo is split to reduce identical offspring
-Stages involve:
1) Organism with desirable traits treated with hormones - super ovulates
2) Ova fertilised and goes into uterus
3). When cells are totipotent, cells from embryo split to produce more embryos - grown in a lab then implanted into surrogate mother

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15
Q

Positives of artificial twinning

A

Positives of artificial twinning:
-Allows for more offspring from superior stock
-Freezing embryos allow fro analysis so that only the best is then used

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16
Q

What is somatic cell nuclear transfer?

A

Somatic cell nuclear transfer is when the nucleus is taken from an adult somatic cell and transferried into an enucleated egg cell

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17
Q

What is an enucleated egg cell?

A

An enucleated egg cell is an oocyte which has had the nucleas removed - it is used in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

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18
Q

Describe the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) (eg Dolly the sheep)

A

Process of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT):
1). Nucleus removed from somatic cell (eg adult animal)
2). Place nucleus into an enucleated egg cell + pass an electrical current (electrofusion can then occur where they fuse and divide)
3). Embryo develops and transferred into uterus of 3rd animal (clone however mitochondrial DNA will come from egg cell)

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19
Q

Why are clones from SCNT not entirely exact clones?

A

Clones from SCNT are not exactly genetically identical because of:
-Mitochondrial DNA being different due being obtained from the egg cell
-Random mutation may have occured

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20
Q

Advantages of animal cloning

A

Advantages of animal cloning:
-Higher yields
-Enables GM cells to be cloned
-Prevents exctinction of rare species

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21
Q

Disadvantages of animal cloning

A

Disadvantages of animal cloning:
-SCNT inefficient as it can take many eggs - raises ethical issues
-Shortened lifespans (eg Dolly)

22
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Biotechnology is the use of microorganisms in industry

23
Q

Why is biotechnology used?

A

Biotechnology is used because:
-Ideal growth conditions easily created
-Short lifecycles - rapid growth
-Produces proteins and metabolites into surrounding harvest
-No welfare conditions
-Large range of microorganisms that can be used
-Can be contained within cells

24
Q

Yeast usage

A

Yeast usage:
-Brew beer
-Added to grain and respires anaerobically to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide via fermentation
-Makes bread rise

25
Q

Cheese production

A

Cheese production:
-Uses lactic acid bacteria
-Converts lactose into lactic acid - solidifies milk

26
Q

Yoghurt production

A

Yoghurt production:
-Lacticacid bacteria clots milk and gives it a sour taste
-Fermentated and incubated at high temperature
-Flavours and colours then added

27
Q

What is direct food production?

A

Direct food production:
-Single cell protein eg Quorn
-Meat replacement
-High protein and low fat

28
Q

Production of penicillin

A

Production of penicillin:
-Fungi produce penicillin in times of stress - sensitive to pH and temp
-Oxygenated in production, containing a buffer to maintain the pH

29
Q

Production of insulin

A

Production of insulin:
-Involves GM bacteria containing the gene for insulin production

30
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Bioremediation - uses microorganisms to remove pollutants
-Using natural organisms ->biological ie in crude oil ->brakdsown many contaminants

-Using GM organisms - GM bacteria which breakdown contaminates

31
Q

What are the advantages of biotechnology?

A

Biotechnology advantages:
-Quick, easy and cheap to culture
-Cultured anywhere with the right equipment
-Healthier option to animal protein

32
Q

What are the disadvantages of biotechnology?

A

Disadvantages of biotechnology:
-Conditions may lead to growth of other microorganisms
-People may not like eating food from waste products
-Single cell protein doesn’t have same texture of flavour as real meet

33
Q

Culturing bacteria via broth inoculation

A

Inoculating broth:
-Make suspensionof bacteria to be grown
-Mix known volume with the sterile nutrient broth
-Stopper the flask with cotton wool to prevent contamination from the air
-Inocubate at suitable temperatures, shaking regularly to aerate the broth, providing oxygen to the bacteria

34
Q

Culturing bacteria via agar inoculation

A

Inoculating agarL
-Sterile incubating loop held in a bunsen flame
-Dip loop into bacterial suspension, keeping agar surface intact
-Replace petri dish lid (not entirely sealed so to allow some oxygen in so that anaerobic bacteria doesn’t grow)

35
Q

What are the 4 stages of a bacterial growth curve?

A

4 Stages of a bacterial growth curve:
-Lag phase
-Log/exponential phase
-Stationary phase
-Death phase

36
Q

Lag phase of a bacterial growth curve

A

Lag phase of a bacterial growth curve:
-Adjusting to their environment, synthesis enzymes

37
Q

Log/exponential phase of a bacterial growth curve

A

Log/exponential phase of a bacterial growth curve:
-Rate is at theoretrical maximum

38
Q

Stationary phase of a bacterial growth curve

A

Stationary phase of a bacterial growth curve:
-Total growth rate is zero -> new cells produced by binary fission is cancelled out

39
Q

Death stage of a bacterial growth curve

A

Death stage of a bacterial growth curve:
-Ceased reproduction + cells die

40
Q

What are the limiting factors which prevent exponential growth in a culture of bacteria?

A

Limiting factors preventing bacterial exponential growth:
-Nutrients available
-Oxygen levels
-Temperature
-Build-up of waste material
-pH change

41
Q

What are primary metabolites?

A

Primary metabolites: produced by an organism as part of it’s normal growth -> concentration proportional population size -> produced during lag and exponential phases -> eg proteins, nucleic acids, ethanol

42
Q

What are secondary metabolites?

A

Secondary metabolites = not part of it’s normal growth -> rarer than primary metabolites -> when microbe well-established in growth medium -> concentration not proportional to population size -> produced in stationary phase

43
Q

Batch fermentation as a type of bioprocess

A

Batch fermentation as a type of bioprocess:
-Microorganisms inoculated into a fixed volume of medium
-Nutrients used up, new biomass and waste products build up
-Growth ceases at stationary phase and microorganisms carry out biochemical changes to form desired end products
-Process stopped before death phase and products harvested

44
Q

Continuous culture as a type of bioprocess

A

Continuous culture as a type of bioprocess:
-Microorganisms incubated in sterile medium
-Medium added continuously once reached exponential growth
-Culture broth continuously removed and volume kept constant

45
Q

Factors that need to be controlled in a bioreactor

A

Factors that need to be controlled in a bioreactor:
-Temperature
-Nutrients and oxygen
-Mixing things up continously
-Asepsis - to prevent outside contamination

46
Q

What are the advantages of using isolated enzymes?

A

Advantages of using isolated enzymes:
-Less wasteful
-More efficient - works at high concenrtations, and can have the optimum conditions
-Less downstream processing (testing for purity)

47
Q

Why are most isolated enzymes used in industry extracellular?

A

Most isolated enzymes used in industry are extracellular because:
-Secreted out - so more easily obtained and used
-Few produced, so easy to identify and isoate
-More adapted to cope with various conditions than intracellular

48
Q

What are immobolised enzymes? (Which are used in industry)

A

Immobilized enzymes:
-Stationery during the catalytic process - can be recovered from mixture + reused, does not contaminate final product

49
Q

Advantages of using immobolised enzymes in industry

A

Advantages of using immobolised enzymes in industry:
-Reused - cheaper
-Easily seperated from the reactant
-Reliable - high control over process
-Greater temperature tolerance - less expensive
-Ease of manipulation - catalytic processes can be altered

50
Q

Disadvantages of using immobolised enzymes in industry

A

Disadvantages of using immobolised enzymes in industry:
-Reduced efficiency - process of immobolising may reduce activity rate
-Higher initial cost of materials
-High initial cost of bioreactor
-Potential technical issues

51
Q

What are the 4 ways of immbolising enzymes to be used in industry?

A

4 ways of immobolising enzymes :
-Surface immobolisation: via absorption of inorganic carriers, or covalent/ionic bonding to inorganic carriers
-Entrapment: entrapped in matrix or entrapped in micro-capsules (encapsulation)

52
Q

Micropropogation process

A

Micropropogation process:
-Take sample of plant (ie meristematic tissue
-Sterilise using ethanol
-Explant (sample) placed in culture medium and mitosis stimulated, medium contains auxin
-Callus is divided into cells and placed in other culture medium
-Cells placed in compost and grown

Y13 Biology (19 decks)

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