Tectonics specific content Flashcards
What are the 4 dimensions of inequality?
What is this linked into?
- Asset inequality - relates to housing and security of tenure or goods and saving
- Inequality of entitlements - refers to unequal access to public services and welfare systems
- Political inequality - unequal capacities for political agency
- Social status inequality - such as the ability of individuals and groups to secure regular income
These types of inequality are linked into the risk-poverty nexus (this basically shows the cycle of increased risks leads to more disaster which leads ti further poverty)
Development is important to know and we need to know how this links in with disaster impact, vulnerability and resilience , what is a developing country disaster event we can use here?
Nepal earthquake of 2015; a true disaster
- Magnitude of 7.8
- 9,000 people died and 22,000 were injured
- 1/2 million houses were damaged or collapsed
- It is important to note that Nepal is a multiple hazard zone as it has a steep mountainous landscape; it is exposed to landslides, debris and floods, as well as earthquakes. This is a factor in how this disaster is different to that of Bam
- Also it is key to note that much of the local earthquake science is out of date - the current seismic hazard map is 20 years old
What is a ‘diagnostic precursor’?
diagnostic precursor = a characteristic pattern of seismic activity or some other physical, chemical or biological change
This is what we would need for it to be possible to make accurate predictions of when and where earthquakes will happen
When talking about how we can forecast or predict tsunamis what instrument can we use?
- Seisometer
What factors can Governance also be linked into at both a local and national scale?
- Population density
- geographic isolation and accessibility
- degree of urbanisation
What is the modern thought on governance ?
- There is no longer a single higher or sovereign authority. There is instead of stakeholders and blurred boundaries between private, public and voluntary sectors.
What does Administrative governance mean?
- Following the laws and legislations put in place and if the gvernment do follow them such as if they do follow the building codes. We can see this lack of governance in Sichuan China 2008. Political governance is having the laws in place
What is the two important trends of the Disaster Risk and Age risk ?
- ageing population
- the acceleration of risk in a world that is increasinly exosed to a range of hazard types
For each of these natural disasters state what was the economic damage and the total death count also what is the magnitude of these events. Sichuan china 2008 Haiti 2010 Tohoku 2011 Indian ocean 2004
Sichuan China 2008 = US$ 125.6 billion 87,150 deaths magnitude of 7.9
Haiti 2010 = US$ 14 billion 316,000 deaths magnitude of 7
Tohoku 2011 = US$ 240 billion 19,848 deaths magnitude of 9.0
Indian ocean 2004 = US$ 9.4 billion 229,000 deaths
289,00 dead or missing magnitude of 9.0
What are strategies used to mitigate vulnerability?
- Hazard risk mapping
- Land-use mapping
- Food supplies
- Monitoring or warning systems
Give real life examples of where we have seen;
- Land-use zoning
- Diverting lava flows
- GIS mapping
- Public education
Land use zoning = Mt Merapi, Indonesia (HIC)
Diverting lava flows = Hawaii (HIC)
GIS Mapping = Nepal (LIC)
Public education = Japan (HIC)
What does adaptation and mitigation mean?
Mitigation focuses on minimizing effects of something such as climate change and trying to lessen the impacts while adaptation is accepting that something is going to change and more focuses on adapting or changing something to fit within its new environment.
Mititgation - minimise the effects/vulnerability - looking at the event
Adaptation - Accepting it is going to happen and changing so we fit into the new norm
How can we use science to reduce vulnerability specifically vulnerability to earthquakes?
- Following the 1995 Kobe earthquake the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster prevention (NIED) deployed 1000 strong-motion accelerometers throughout the country. During an earthquake, primary and secondary wave velocities are measured at each site and logged. Data is then sent to the local municipality (via the internet). The municipality can use the information for local emergency management and response
How does the UN define a disaster?
“A serious disruption of the functioning of a community”
We have case studies for both MICs and LICs what is a case study of HICs when regarding development?
- Newzealand - Christchurch
Economy was resilient after the event
- Disruption to industrial production, goods exports and activity was short lived
- Agricultural sector was largely unaffected
- Rebuilding costs of US$15billion was largely insured losses
However tourism did suffer as it was down 40% in the 2011-2012 period
