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Geography A level > Tectonic activity and hazards > Flashcards

Tectonic activity and hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different layers of the earth?

A
  • Inner core
  • Outer core
  • Mantle(asthenosphere)
  • Lithosphere
  • Crust
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2
Q

Give the definitions of slab pull and frictional drag

A

Slab pull = When newly formed oceanic crust sinks
into the mantle, pulling the rest of the plate
further down with it.
Frictional= At the top of a convection cycle the mantle
Drag cools and solidifies so is able to create
friction with the earths crust and move it

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3
Q

Who is the person who came up with the continental drift theory and theory on Pangea?

A

Wegener

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4
Q

Who came up with the sea-floor spreading theory?

A

Hess and Dietz

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5
Q

Who in 1960 proposed the tectonic plate theory?

A

Wilson

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6
Q

What are the states of matter of the layers of the earth?

A

Inner core is solid The outer core is liquid and the mantle or asthenosphere is semi molten.

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7
Q

What is paleo-magnetism?

A

It results from the zone of magma ‘locking in’ or ‘striking’ the earths magnetic polarity when it cools. Scientists can use this tool to determine historic periods of large-scale tectonic activity through the reconstruction of relative plate motions.

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8
Q

What are 3 secondary hazards that happen directly from earthquakes?

A
  • Liquefaction
  • Tsunami
  • Aftershocks( can happen up to a year later) such as in Christchurch 2011 happen over a year later
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9
Q

Are primary and secondary waves body waves or surface waves?

A

Body waves

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10
Q

Name all types of waves?

A
  • Surface waves
  • Body waves
  • Primary waves
  • Secondary waves
  • Rayleigh waves
  • Love waves
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11
Q

Name how each wave moves

A
  • Surface waves - move on the surface
  • Body waves - move through things
  • Primary waves - compresses and expands
  • Secondary waves - up and down movements
  • Rayleigh waves - moving in a elliptical rolling motion
  • Love waves - the surface moves side to side
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12
Q

What do primary and secondary waves move through?

A
  • Primary waves move through solids liquids or gasses

- Secondary waves through just solids

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13
Q

What does the term liquefaction mean?

A

Soil liquefaction occurs when a saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress during an earthquake or other sudden change in stress condition, in which material that is ordinarily a solid behaves like a liquid.

Refer to this in Tohoku earthquake as liquefaction lead the sea wall to go from a height of 10m to 9m

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14
Q

Give three volcanoes located in the world?

A
  • Mount Vesuvius
  • Taal
  • Mauna Loa
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15
Q

What are the primary hazards of volcanoes?

A
  • Lava flows
  • Pyroclastic flows
  • Tephra
  • Volcanic gases
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16
Q

What are the secondary hazards of volcanoes?

A
  • Lahars

- Jokulhlaups

17
Q 
For each of these natural disasters state what was the economic damage and the total death count also what is the magnitude of these events. 
Sichuan china 2008 
Haiti 2010 
Tohoku 2011
Indian ocean 2004
A

Sichuan China 2008 = US$ 125.6 billion 87,150 deaths magnitude of 7.9

Haiti 2010 = US$ 14 billion 316,000 deaths magnitude of 7

Tohoku 2011 = US$ 240 billion 19,848 deaths magnitude of 9.0

Indian ocean 2004 = US$ 9.4 billion 229,000 deaths
289,00 dead or missing magnitude of 9.0

18
Q 
For each of these natural disasters state what was the economic damage and the total death count also what is the magnitude of these events. 
Sichuan china 2008 
Haiti 2010 
Tohoku 2011
Indian ocean 2004
A

Sichuan China 2008 = US$ 125.6 billion 87,150 deaths magnitude of 7.9

Haiti 2010 = US$ 14 billion 316,000 deaths magnitude of 7

Tohoku 2011 = US$ 240 billion 19,848 deaths magnitude of 9.0

Indian ocean 2004 = US$ 9.4 billion 229,000 deaths
289,00 dead or missing magnitude of 9.0

19
Q

When talking about earthquakes what is the difference between The Mercali scale, The Richter scale and The Moment Magnitude scale ?

A

The Mercali scale = The experienced impact of the earthquake measured after the earthquake

MMS = described earthquakes in terms of how energy is released . The magnitude is based on the ‘seismic moment’ of the earthquake

Richter scale = A measure of the height (amplitude) of the waves produced by an earthquake

20
Q

What are Lahars and what are Jokulhlaups?

A

Lahars = Volcanic mud flows generally composed of relatively fine sand and silt materials they are associated with heavy rainfall

Jokulhlaups = Type of catastrophic glacial outburst flood - We see this in the EFJ eruption in 2010 that was infamous for its ash cloud which stopped 1000 flights and resulted in US$ 3 billion lost

21
Q

When talking about governance what different players could we be talking about?

A
  • local and national government
  • World wide institutions ( world bank, WTO world trade organisation) IGOs
  • Major TNCs
  • The UN
22
Q

Explain exactly what the PAR model is and all the factors and components of it ?

A

Root causes

  • limited access to - power, structures, resources- ( poverty)
  • Ideologies - Political system, economic system - ( corruption )

Dynamic pressures

  • lack of - training, skills, local investment, local markets, Press freedom,
  • Macro forces - Rapid population change, Rapid urbanisation, Arms expenditure, Deforestation.

Unsafe conditions

  • Physical environment - Dangerous location, Unprotected buildings
  • Local economy - Livelihood at risk, Low income levels
  • Social relations - Special groups at risk
  • Public actions - Lack of disaster preparedness, prevalence of endemic disease

Hazards - Earthquake, Landslides, Flooding, Volcanoes

Risk = Hazard times vulnerability
————————————–
Capacity to cope

23
Q

What is a HILP event?

A

HILP = High-Impact, Low-Probability events

These are often linked with tectonic mega events and disasters

24
Q

Give facts about the Bam 2003 earthquake?

A
  • Happened in Iran an upper middle income country ranked 75/187 countries
  • Magnitude of 6.6
  • 26,000 people killed
  • Happened at 5:26am most people in their homes asleep
  • The ancient buildings were vulnerable to shaking due to their age, some were 2400 years old so when they crumbled in was dust and sand causing people who were trapped inside to suffocate
25
Q

Give one reason each as to how the EFJ 2010 volcano and the Tohoku tsunami 2011 had effects on a global scale?

A

EFJ
- Car manufacturing disruption, because of disruptions in air flight some car components were not able to be transported over , Nissan plant in Japan could not make certain models of its car (Cube , Rogue crossover)

Tohoku
- LNG price rises , the worldwide availability and affordability of liquefied natural gas (LGN) were affected by Japan’s increasing demand, this had a major effect in the Asian market.

26
Q

Give 3 human and physical factors each that affect response to hazards?

A

Human

  • Number of people involved( population density)
  • Infrastructure
  • Economic wealth and development

Physical

  • Geographical accessibility of location/region
  • Topography of region( e.g. mountainous)
  • Type of hazard ( scale, impact, magnitude, frequency)
27
Q

What is the difference between saying Hazard Mitigation and Hazard Adaptation?

A

Mitigation aims to reduce vulnerability of a tectonic event in advance of the tectonic event occurring whereas adaptation aims to reduce people’s vulnerability to its impacts, therefore designed to reduce the impacts of the hazard event

28
Q

What type of rock are the different plates made from ( Continental, Oceanic)?

A

Continental = Granitic

Oceanic = Basaltic

29
Q

What are tsunamis characterised by ?

A
  • Long wavelengths, typically 150-100km
  • Low amplitude (wave height), 0.5-5m
  • Fast velocities, up to 600 kph in deep water
30
Q

When talking about modifying the hazard event there are either micro or macro protection techniques?

A

Micro - strengthening individual buildings and structures against hazardous stress.

Macro - Large-scale protective measures designed to protect whole large communities

Micro focuses on individual things whereas macro focuses on the whole area or community

31
Q

How can we use science to reduce vulnerability specifically earthquake vulnerability?

A
  • Following the 1995 Kobe earthquake the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster prevention (NIED) deployed 1000 strong-motion accelerometers throughout the country. During an earthquake, primary and secondary wave velocities are measured at each site and logged. Data is then sent to the local municipality (via the internet). The municipality can use the information for local emergency management and response

Geography A level (15 decks)

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