Tectonics EQ2 Flashcards
Why do some tectonic hazards develop into disasters
What is meant by hazard vulnerability?
capacity of a person or group to anticipate , cope with, resist and recover from the impact of a natural hazard
What is the difference between a hazard and disaster?
disasters have to involve people (100 or more people affected)
How do we determine whether an event is large enough to be a disaster?
threshold level
The disaster risk equation can be used to understand the relationship between hazards and disasters. What is this equation??
risk = hazard x vulnerability
capacity to cope
What model can be used to understand why some hazards turn into disasters?
Pressure and release model
In the PAR model, what does the progression of vulnerability include?
root causes –> dynamic pressures –> unsafe conditions
How do the impacts of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunamis usually differ?
volcanic = small and declining earthquakes= large tsunami = very large
Describe Haiti’s (developing) PAR model
root causes - heavily in debt, corruption,80% in poverty
dynamic pressures - lack of urban planning, education, slums houses as a result o rapid urbanisation
unsafe conditions - buildings built on soft soil, illegal housing, poor infrastructure
Describe China’s PAR model
root causes - corrupt government, government buildings better standards than school
dynamic pressures - building codes ignored, lack of urban planning
unsafe conditions - landslides (cause for 1/4 death), illegal housing
Describe Japan’s PAR model
root causes - low corruption, buildings constructed with earthquakes in mind
dynamic pressures - well developed disaster plans, rapid population growth
unsafe conditions - dangerous location
How is earthquake magnitude measured?
moment magnitude scale (MMS)
measures energy released (amount of slip)
What does the Mercalli scale measure?
earthquake intensity
measures shaking effects
Give 2 reasons why the relationship between magnitude and death toll is weak
some earthquakes can cause serious secondary impacts , urban areas experience greater impacts
What does the volcanic explosively index measure?
volcano magnitude
List 5 of the hazard characteristics measured on a hazard profile
magnitude, speed of onset, spatial area, duration, frequency (how often it occurs for a given magnitude), spatial predictability
What can hazard profiles be used for?
comparing tectonic events
Compare the impacts of a volcaninc eruption in a named location on a developed, emerging and developing country
DD- Iceland 2010 (vei4)
soc: no injuries/deaths
ec: major disruption to European air travel US $1.7 bn lost
env: ice melt caused flash floods
E- Indonesia 2010(vei4)
soc: 353 deaths
ec: $0.6bn lost
env: loss of rice harvest
DG - DRC 2002 (vei1)
soc: 147 deaths
ec: US $1.2 bn lost
env: 15% of city destroyed by lava
Compare the impacts of an earthquake in a named location on a developed, emerging and developing country
DD- New Zealand 2010 (m7.1)
soc: 100 injuries
ec: US $40bn lost
env: liquefaction
E- China 2008 (m8)
soc: 69,000 deaths
ec: US $140 bn lost
env: landslides
DG- Nepal 2015 (m7.9)
soc: 9000 deaths
ec: US $5bn lost
env: epic avalanches on Mt Everst
Compare the impacts of a tsunami in a named location on a developed, emerging and developing country
DD- Tohuku 2011 (m9)
soc: 16000 deaths
ec: US$ 300 bn lost
env: damage to water supply
E- Chile 2010 (m8.8)
soc: 525 deaths
ec: $20 bn lost
env: deforestation
DG- Indian Ocean 2004 (m9.2)
soc: 230000 deaths
ec: US $15bn lost
env: animals killed
State 3 factors increasing risk
population growth
ageing popultion
poverty
3 factors reducing risk
early waring systems
evacuation plans
building regulations
list 3 aspects of governance that influence vulnerability
environmental management
open-ness
corruption
What does the Sendai framework advice governments?
disaster risk reduction
what geographical factors influence impact of hazard?
population density
isolation and accessibility
degree of urbanisation
