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Geography A1 > Coasts EQ1 > Flashcards

Coasts EQ1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by the littoral zone?

A

wider coastal zone including coastal land area

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2
Q

What are the 5 divisions of the littoral zone?

A

coast, back shore zone, foreshore,nearshore,offshore

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3
Q

What is meant by the back shore zone?

A

above high tide level and only affected by waves during high tides

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4
Q

What is meant by foreshore?

A

where wave processes occur between the high and low tide

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5
Q

What is meant by nearshore?

A

shallow water areas close to land

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6
Q

Why is it that the zone is constantly changing?

A

interaction between the short and long term processes operating on it

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7
Q

A) What short-term processes are operating in the littoral zone?
B) long term?

A

A) tides, waves

B) sea level, geology

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8
Q

How many sediment cells divide the coast of England and Wales?

A

11

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9
Q

Why is it useful to divide the coast into sediment cell sections?

A

to improve coastal management

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10
Q

What are the two main types of coasts?

A

rocky (high and low relief), coastal plains (sandy and estuarine)

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11
Q

What are the two formation processes coasts?

A

Primary : land-based processes e.g deposition at the coast

Secondary : marine erosion or deposition

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12
Q

What are the 4 different coastal classification systems?

A

Formation processes
relative sea level change
tidal range
wave energy

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13
Q

What are the two types of coasts with regards to sea level change?

A

emergent coasts : coast is rising relative to sea level e.g as a result of tectonic upthrust
submergent coasts: being flooded by the sea either because of sea level rise and/or subsiding land

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14
Q

How are rocky coasts created?

A

high relief, resistant geology often in a high energy environment

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15
Q

How are coastal plains created?

A

low land and low energy, sediment deposited at the coast causing coastal accretion (deposition of sediment at a coast that expands the area of land)

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16
Q

What is meant by strata?

A

different layers of rock exposed in a cliff

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17
Q

What two types of coasts are produced by geological structures?

A

concordant and discordant

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18
Q

a) Describe the structure of a discordant coast

b) concordant coasts

A

a) different rock strata intersect the coast at an angle

b) rock starta run parallel to the coast

19
Q

How has geological structure influenced coastal morphology on discordant coasts?

A

headlands and bays

20
Q

How has geological structure influenced coastal morphology on concordant coasts?

A

Dalmatian and haff coasts

21
Q

What is a Dalmatian coast? (Croatia)

A

formed as a result of a rise in sea level where valleys running parallel are flooded ad tops of ridges are exposed

22
Q

What is a Haff coast? (Baltic Sea)

A

long spits of sand and lagoons aligned parallel to the coast

23
Q

What are bedding planes?

A

horizontal cracks , natural breaks in strata caused by gaps in time during periods of rock formation

24
Q

What are joints?

A

vertical cracks, fractures caused either by contraction as sediments dry out or by earth movement during uplift

25
Q

What are folds?

A

formed by pressure during tectonic activity which makes rocks buckle and crumple

26
Q

What are dips?

A

refers to angle at which rock strata lie

27
Q

What two characteristics of cliff profiles are most dominant?

A

resistance to erosion of rock

dip of rock strata

28
Q

True or false: dip is a tectonic feature

A

True

29
Q

Give two cliff profile type examples

A

horizontal dip, seaward dip high angle

30
Q

What are fissures?

A

much smaller cracks in rocks

31
Q

What are the location of micro features within cliffs such as caves often controlled by?

A

location of faults and/or strata with joints and fissures

32
Q

What are the three rock types in order of slow to fast erosion rates?

A

igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary

33
Q

Describe igneous rock and give 2 examples

A

result of tectonic activity, often contain crystals

granite, basalt

34
Q

Describe metamorphic rock and give 2 examples

A

formed from extreme heat and pressure

slate , marble

35
Q

Describe sedimentary rock and give 2 examples

A

made of small particles of rock

sandtone, limestone

36
Q

True or false: where the rock forming cliffs is unconsolidated material (such as boulder clay), rates of recession can be much smaller?

A

False, much GREATER

37
Q

List 4 things erosion and weathering resistance are influenced by

A

how reactive mineral in the rock are

whether rocks are clastic (particles cemented together) or crystalline(interlocking mineral crystals) (more resistant)

degree to high rocks have cracks

permeability

38
Q

Give 2 ways in which vegetation stabilises coastal sediment

A

roots bind particles together
when submerged, plants provide a protective layer
protection from wind

39
Q

What are halophytes and xerophytes?

A 
halophytes = salt tolerant (salt marshes)
xerophytes = drought tolerant (sand dunes)
40
Q

Pioneer plants species grow w in the bare sand or mud in the first stage of plant succession, describe the pioneer plants of sand dunes

A

embryo dunes = thick , fleshy leaves to store water

hairs and low density strata to reduce transpiration

41
Q

What is the name of the pioneer plant in salt marshes?

A

eelgrass

42
Q

Why are estuarine areas ideal for the development of salt marshes?

A

sheltered from strong waves,

rivers transport supply of sediment to river mouth

43
Q

What is a climatic climax community?

A

biological community

44
Q

What is humus?

A

organic component of soil formed by decomposition

Geography A1 (10 decks)

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