Tech Block 5 Flashcards
- When flying EAST, are days longer or shorter?
o Shorter as earth is rotating towards East
- How many satellites are required for RAIM detection? Number of satellites required for RAIM detection AND exclusion?
Remembering we need a minimum of five satellites to provide a RAIM warning.
o For RAIM detection and exclusion 6 satellites required. (Exclusion is to isolate the unacceptable satellite.)
- What is a Katabatic wind?
o A katabatic wind is a down-slope wind that develops as air cools in contact with cold ground and slips down the side of the hill
- Centreline lighting becomes alternating red/white at what distance to the end of the runway? Centreline lighting becomes Red how much distance remains?
o Lighting will be coded to show white from the threshold to a point 914m from the runway end; alternating red and white from 914m to 300m from end; and red between 300m and runway end.
- Headwind component formula is…
o HWC = Surface wind x Cos Angle (Angle is between rwy and wind)
- Crosswind component formula is…
sin30 = .5 (with a wind from 30 degrees the cwc is half the total wind) sin50 = .75 (with a wind from 50 degrees the cwc is 3/4 the total wind) sin60 = .9 (with a wind from 60 degrees the cwc is the total wind minus 10%) sin80 = 1.0 (any wind of more than 80 degrees and your cwc is the total wind)
CLOCK METHOD
Think of the degrees off the nose as portions of the hour, so >= 60 degrees - 60 minutes - the whole hour - i.e. it’s all crosswind
45 degrees - three quarters hours - three quarters is crosswind component.
30 degrees - 30 minutes - half hour - half is crosswind, etc, etc
- Flying Wellington to Chathams ETP of 1hr 50min, you are 10min ahead of flight plan (tail wind) what effect on ETP? Will it be closer to Wellington or Chathams?
o Closer to Wellington
- What does sweepback do for stability and critical mach?
The primary purpose of sweepback is to increase the value of MCRIT for a given aircraft. Since only the component of the relative airflow across the wing which is parallel with the chord line can be considered as producing/creating lift, only the vector speed of this chordwise component is significant when considering MCRIT. In effect, the wing is persuaded to believe that it is flying slower than it really is; this means that the airspeed can be increased before the effective chordwise component becomes sonic and thus the critical Mach # is raised. This is why a high speed a/c has a swept wing. As the thickness/chord ratio defines the amount of acceleration imposed on the upper surface stream it follows that the thinner the wing, the lower the acceleration, and the higher will be the airspeed before, for this reason alone, the upper flow becomes sonic. This is why a high speed a/c has a thin swept wing.
???Lateral stability (about the longitudinal axis) is reduced. If a straight wing aircraft is yawing it also rolls; this tendency is increased in a swept wing aircraft because the effective spans on both wings are altered. With yaw, both values of V and CL are increased on the outer wing and reduced on the inner wing posing a very marked tendency to roll the aircraft. Longitudinal stability (about the lateral axis) is also reduced due to the effects of mach tuck.
- At what cabin alt does crew require supplemental O2? What are the oxygen rules?
Pressurised Aircraft when cabin exceeds 10,000ft
Crew supplemental oxygen to be used
Crew supplemental and portable oxygen to be used if away from station.
Pressurised aircraft between FL350-410
1 pilot at controls must be wearing mask which is supplemental or automatic whenever cabin is above FL130
Or if 2 pilots at controls must have access to masks in 5 seconds
Pressurised aircraft above FL410
I pilot at controls wearing mask at all times
Pressurised aircraft in event of pressurisation
failure
Unless aircraft can descend below FL140 in 4 minutes then supplemental oxygen for each passenger to be used whenever cabin is above FL140.
For flights above FL250, all passengers must be demonstrated use of oxygen during the passenger briefing.
Unpressurised Aircraft
When above FL130 continuous oxygen for pax and crew
Between 10,000 and FL130 for more than 30 minutes continuous oxygen for crew and supplemental for passengers.
- Define TEMPO.
o Changes are expected to last for a period of less than an hour and sufficiently infrequently foir the prevailing conditions to remain as reported.
- Define INTER.
o Intermittent changes are expected to last for a period of less than 30 minutes and take place sufficiently infrequently for the prevailing conditions to remain unchanged.
- Which part and stage of a thunderstorm will have the most ice and turbulence?
o Icing – worst at point just above the freezing level from 0° to -10°c
o Turbulence – worst ahead of and below CB
- Explain Advection/Sea fog?
o Advection fog occurs when a warm moist air mass moves over a progressively colder surface. Moist air masses move pole wards over progressively colder waters – resulting in sea fog and most commonly occurs in the warm sectors of depressions. Maybe widespread and persistent even in moderate winds.
- If two aircraft are approaching each other head on and are 225 nm apart at 0000 UTC, what time will they pass if aircraft 1 is doing 420kts and aircraft 2 is doing 480 kts?
o Closing speed is 900 knots: 225/900 = 0.25 = 15 minutes = 0015UTC
- TAS 120kts, Tailwind 60 kts (a-b), Fuel burn 100 kgs/hr. If the aircraft burns 100 kgs in a journey from a-b what will it burn from b-a.
o A-B = 1 hour @ GS 180 knots = 180 nm. GS for return = 60 knots = 3 hours = 300kg
- Burn 8kg/nm. Range with a ton of gas?
Specific range = 125 nm
1000/8=125
- In what situation is MCRIT at its lowest value?
o When the aircraft is at high altitude – as cold temperature means that LSS is lower than at sea level
- If climbing at constant Mach No. What happens to TAS and LSS?
o LSS will decrease with a decrease in temperature so at a constant Mach number the TAS will decrease in the climb.
- What happens to MCRIT with decrease in weight?
o A decrease in weight will increase MCRIT due to reduced angle of attack required
- How would an aircraft reach MCRIT for the lowest TAS?
o When LSS is at its lowest value; i.e. for any range of options the highest and coldest option
- Effect of flap on drag
o An increase in flap setting increases lift and drag.
- Effect of flap on angle of attack at the point of stall
o The use of flap increases the CL of the wing by increasing the camber, therefore a higher angle of attack (effective) can be reached before the stall when compared with a flapless wing. Flap increases the effective angle of attack at the stall and reduces the geometric angle of attack and the stall speed.
- Boundary layer does what as airflow goes from laminar to turbulent?
o The boundary layer thickens in depth and produces more drag and less lift
- Reason for all-moving tailplane?
o Requirement of a large C of G range (large weight changes).
o Need to cover a large speed range
o Need to cope with large trim changes due to wing
o loading and trailing edge high lift devices without limiting the amount of elevator remaining.
o Need to reduce trim drag.
- What assists longitudinal stability? (Fin, Tailplane or dihedral)
o Tailplane
- To correct for a nose heavy aircraft with a variable incidence tailplane, the angle of incidence would ___________ and the leading edge on the tailplane would __________?
o To balance this a downwards force, or a reduction in upwards force is required from the tailplane therefore the angle of incidence would decrease (maybe even negative) and the leading edge would lower.
- In a roll to the right which spoiler extends and which aileron goes down?
o Right spoiler extends and left aileron goes down.
- Instrument rating currency requirement.
Demonstrateed competency to an examiner preceding 12 months (60 days before is ok), in a conventional non-centreline mullti-engine aircraft.
In the preceding 3 months, not less than 3 hours instrument time (1 hour flight time) in appropriate category - OR otherwise the above within 3 months.
Within preceeding 3 months performed 3 published approaches, one can be in approved simulatator.
Prior to carrying out an approach, must have completed one of similar type in preceeding 3 months in flight or approved simulator.
Similar types are:
ILS and PAR
VOR, NDB, LOC
GPS
- Documents to be carried on Air Operation under Pt121?
Documents required on an international flight?
Part 121.855 Documents to be carried on each Air operation:
(a) Each holder of an air operator certificate shall ensure that the following documents are carried on each individual air operation—
(1) details of the operational flight plan; and
(2) NOTAM and aeronautical information service briefing documentation appropriate to the operation; and
(3) meteorological information appropriate to the operation; and
(4) the load manifest; and
(5) notification of dangerous goods; and
(6) copies of the relevant flight guide charts and plates; and
(7) in the case of a regular air transport service, a route guide covering each route flown and alternate aerodromes that may be used.
(b) The holder of an air operator certificate shall ensure that separate copies of the documents referred to in paragraph (a)(7) are available for each pilot performing flight crew duties on the
flight.
?? C of A AFM Aircraft Registration Flight Crew Licences Valid Maintenance. Release Load Sheet Flight records List of Crew & Passengers Cargo bills of lading and manifests List of disposable stores and spare parts Route Guide (if scheduled) Flight Plan Met information Flight Guide Dangerous goods notification
- How far out can an ETA be before you must tell ATC?
o 2 mins (part 91.412)
- When can you descend below MDA on circling approach?
When continuous visual reference to terrain is established.
Visibility is equal to or greater than the prescribed minimum for the procedure.
The approach permits a landing to be made using normal manoeuvring and descent rates.
Except for Cat II and Cat III ILS, one of the following is distinctly visible:
- the approach lighting system,
- the threshold markings,
- the threshold lights,
- the runway end identification lights,
- the visual approach slope indicator,
- the touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings,
- the touchdown zone lights,
- the runway or runway markings,
- the runway lights.
Also for circling approaches: visual reference must be maintained throughout circling,
The pilot can see runway threshold lights, approach lights or any other markings which identify the approach end of the runway, and
Obstacle clearance can be maintained to a point from where a constant rate of descent can be held to the intended touchdown point.
- If you go IMC circling downwind? Do you execute the MAP for the “Active” runway or “approach” runway?
Execute the missed approach procedure for the approach that you were on.
It is expected that the pilot will make an initial climbing turn towards the landing runway and overhead the aerodrome where the pilot will establish the aircraft on the missed approach track. Different patterns will be required to establish the aircraft on the prescribed missed approach course depending on its position at the time that visual reference is lost
- If the marker beacons are NOTAM U/S for an ILS; what minima can you go to?
o To ILS minima as long as alternate fix altitudes are nominated on the IAC or NOTAM and are used for altitude checks. Air NZ flight NZ60!!!! Erroneous Glideslope
- What happens to the altimeter if increase baro scale.
o As the altimeter will sense a greater differential the hands will go up
- When will TCAS II not give an RA
- During GPWS warnings.
- Also approx 900 ft rad alt and below, no decent advisory below approx 1500 ft rad alt.
A RA - Resolution Advisory depicted by a solid red square is provided when another transponder equipped aircraft is within 20 - 35 sec’s and within 600ft. Avoidance action is required.
A TA is a yellow circle when traffic is within 25 - 45 sec and 850ft. Aural TRAFFIC alert.
- If GPS satellites orbit the earth every 12 hours, how does a GPS receiver know where to look when first turned on?
o The GPS database carries an “Almanac” of satellite positions and any changes are transmitted to the GPS receiver by means of Service messages
- If you are under ATC speed control, how close to the assigned airspeed must you fly?
o Within 10 knots of assigned speed
