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Tech > Flight Planning COPY > Flashcards

Flight Planning COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between a dry V1 and a wet V1?

A

Wet V1 will be lower than a dry V1 IOT stop in the same distance. Screen height is reduced to 15’ but you only need to be at V2 at 35’ still.

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2
Q

Describe Gross vs Net Flight Paths

A

The difference between the net and gross flight paths/ performance is as follows: The gross performance is the average performance that a fleet of aircraft should achieve if maintained satisfactorily and flown in accordance with the techniques established during flight certification and subsequently described in the aircraft performance manual. Gross performance therefore defines a level of performance that any aircraft of the same type has a 50 percent chance of exceeding at any time. The net performance is the gross performance diminished to allow for various contingencies that cannot be accounted for operationally, e.g., variations in piloting technique, temporarily below-average performance, etc. It is improbable that the net performance/ flight path will not be achieved in operation, provided the aircraft is flown in accordance with the recommended techniques, i.e., power, attitude, and speed. Normally, performance graphs show net performance; however, some performance charts, especially for three-engined aircraft, assume gross is equal to net performance. This means that no margin exists between what the graph suggests the aircraft will achieve and what the aircraft will achieve.

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3
Q

What are WAT limits?

A

Weight/Altitude/Temperature limits.

Related to making the second segment climb. Minimum height you can achieve if WAT limited is 1500’ above the airfield.

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4
Q

TODA?

A

Takeoff distance available = runway + clearway. Must achieve screen height at V2 by the end.

Must not exceed 1.5 x TORA.

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5
Q

In loading an aircraft to obtain maximum range, would you load it with and aft or forward CoG?

A

Aft - so that the tailplane provides a lifting force.

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6
Q

What is the effect of weight on V1?

A

If ASDR limiting, increasing weight will require a reduced V1 in order to stop within the ASDA as long as its not below Vmcg.

If TODR limiting, increased weight will require a faster V1 IOT make the screen height. Must still be less than Vr and Vmbe.

This is an unbalanced field case.

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7
Q

How does pressure altitude affect takeoff performance?

A

Increases TODR.

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8
Q

Define V3

A

The speed reached at screen height all engines operating

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9
Q

How does a contaminated runway affect TORR/ASDR/V1?

A

TORR increased because of slower acceleration.
ASDR will increase for the same V1 because of degraded braking.
V1 will need to be lower if ASDA becomes limiting.

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10
Q

How does slope affect takeoff performance?

A

Downslope = accelerate faster = less TORR/TODR. However may increase ASDR.

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11
Q

Formula for an ETP?

A

Distance from start to ETP =

(Total Distance x GS Home) / GS Out + GS Home

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12
Q

TORA?

A

Takeoff run available - the runway

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13
Q

ASDA?

A

Accelerate stop distance available - runway + stopway.

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14
Q

ASDR?

A

Accelerate stop distance required = (distance required to accelerate to V1, suffer a single engine failure, abort the takeoff and come to a stop) x 1.10(?)

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15
Q

Define V4

A

The speed reached at 400’ all engines operating.

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16
Q

What three things are required to be confirmed at the speed check when rolling (40-100kts depending on type).

A
  1. Thrust has been set within a time appropriate for the calculated performance.
  2. Rudder authority is available.
  3. Airspeed is working.
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17
Q

What is a clearway?

A

An area upwind of the runway which allows obstacle-free climb to achieve the screen height. Must be a minimum of 75m either side of the extended centreline and under the control of the airport authority.

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18
Q

What speed for max endurance?

A

Vimd

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19
Q

WAT Limits Vs Field Length Limits?

A

WAT - Weight/Altitude/Temperature:
- MTOW limited so that aircraft meets second segment and missed approach climb performances.

Field length - limits the MTOW so that the aircraft meets the required TOR/D/ASD performance.

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20
Q

What options open up with a range of V1 speeds? How would there be a range?

A

TORR and ASDR might dictate a maximum V1 of 135, whilst TODR might only dictate a minimum V1 of 125. You then have a 10kt spread to pick a V1.

A faster V1 will result in better second segment climb performance. A slower V1 will get you airborne quicker.

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21
Q

Define V1

A

Decision speed - fire/failure/uncontrollability below this speed, safe to abort. Fire/failure above this speed, take it airborne.

Cannot be less than Vmcg.
Cannot be greater than Vr or Vmbe.

22
Q

What is a stopway?

A

A length of (unprepared) surface at the end of the runway that is capable of supporting the aircraft if it has to be stopped during a takeoff run.

23
Q

What wind adjustments are made when calculating takeoff performance?

A

Use 50% of headwind and 150% of tailwind.

24
Q

Vat?

A

Velocity at threshold. 1.3 x Vs.

25
Q

Considering only ASDR, does more weight increase or decrease V1?

A

Decrease - more weight = more inertia = longer to accelerate and stop. Therefore as weight increases V1 must decrease to accelerate and stop within the same distance.

26
Q

How does use of flaps affect takeoff performance?

A

More flap = less takeoff run but less climb performance.

27
Q

Must an aircraft be at V2 at the screen height off a wet runway?

A

No. Screen height is 15’ but V2 must be achieved by 35’.

28
Q

What is Vmcg?

A

Minimum control speed on ground - the speed below which directional control cannot be maintained after the failure of a critical engine using only aerodynamic controls. At or above this speed the aircraft must remain within 30’ of the centreline.

29
Q

Can a stopway extend past a clearway?

A

Yes if the clearway has an obstacle within 75m of the centreline.

30
Q

Formula for a PNR?

A

Time to PNR = (Endurance x GS Home)/(GS Home + GS Out)

31
Q

Considering only TODR, does increased weight increase or decrease V1?

A

Increases - more weight means a higher speed is required before an engine failure can happen in order to reach 35’ at V2 because one engine = less thrust.

32
Q

What effect does flight below the optimum altitude have on jet performance?

A

Increases fuel burn but decreases time at a constant Mach (But probably won’t be flying the same mach if this requires too much thrust).

33
Q

Define V2

A

Takeoff safety speed - the speed that must be attained by 35’ IOT to maintain adequate control and climb gradient.

Cannot be less than 1.13 x Vs and 1.1 x Vmca.

34
Q

How does humidity affect takeoff performance?

A

More humid equals increase TODR.

35
Q

TDZ Marking start?

A

300m / 1000’

36
Q

What is a balanced field?

A

When TODA = ASDA. E.g. the clearway and stopway end at the same point or the runway has neither.

Relating it to the aircraft, a balanced field is when the ASDR V1 is reduced to the same point, as the TODR V1 is increased to.

37
Q

LDR?

A

Landing Distance Required -

Distance required from a point where the aircraft is 50’ over the runway at threshold speed to the point where the aircraft reaches a full stop.

FAR landing roll x 1.67 dry, plus dry x 1.15 for wet

38
Q

TORR?

A

Takeoff run required.

(Runway length required to achieve unstick speed plus 1/3 of the distance to achieve screen height) x 1.15.

39
Q

What speed for max range?

A

Speed where the ratio of power required to airspeed is least. This occurs where the line is a tangent to the power curve.

40
Q

What is Vmbe?

A

Maximum brake energy speed - Maximum speed at which a full stop can be made within the energy capabilities of the brakes.

41
Q

LDA?

A

Landing Distance Available -

50’ above threshold to end of runway.

42
Q

Define Vmca

A

Minimum control speed in the air for an aircraft in takeoff and climb out configuration at or above which it is possible to maintain directional control of the aircraft by use of the rudder within defined limits after the failure of the critical engine using no more than 5° AoB.

43
Q

What is the advantage of an increased V2?

A
  • An improved climb gradient

- An increase in take off weight

44
Q

If you had an engine failure between V1 and Vr, would it be better to lose the upwind or downwind engine in a crosswind?

A

The downwind engine so that the wind on the rudder counteracts the turning moment of the live engine.

45
Q

TODR?

A

Takeoff distance required - (the distance required to accelerate to rotate speed, and become airborne crossing the 35’ screen height at V2) x 1.15.

46
Q

Describe the Departure Profile Segments

A

1 - Screen height to gear retracted - V2
2 - End of 1st segment to at least 400’ - V2
3 - Level acceleration and flap retraction
4 - From end of flap retraction to net height of 1500’+ with flaps up and mct.

47
Q

What is Vr?

A

Rotate speed IOT achieve V2 at 35’ even with an engine failure.

Cannot be less than 1.05 Vmca.

48
Q

What is a climb gradient?

A

% change in height divided by horizontal distance travelled.

49
Q

What can be done to improve second segment climb gradient?

A
  1. Reduce T/O flap setting,
  2. Reduce weight,
  3. Increased V2 climb,
  4. Max angle climb.
50
Q

How does weight affect take off performance?

A

Increasing weight will increase TODR and decrease climb gradient.

51
Q

How does density altitude affect takeoff performance?

A

Increases TODR.

52
Q

What is an adequate aerodrome?`

A
  1. The aerodrome has physical characteristics, obstacle limitation surfaces and visual aids (incl VASI) that meet the requirements of:
    - The characteristics of the aeroplane being used,
    - The lowest met minima to be used.
  2. RFS Cat 4 available with 30min prior notice at anticipated arrival time.
  3. ATC or a FIS.
  4. An instrument approach.
  5. The aerodrome is open at the anticipated arrival time.

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