Teaching methods Flashcards
What is a teaching method and examples?
The way information is taught. It brings the learner into contact with what is to be learned. Eg. lecture, group discussion, role playing, one on one discussion and etc
What is instructional material?
Objects/tools used to transmit information and supplement the act of teaching like books, videos, podcast…
3 different settings for teaching? and examples
- Healthcare setting- delivery of care is primary function but nurses give direct care to clients which include teaching
Examples- ER, in hospital, physician offices, outpatient clinics - Healthcare related- healthcare services are complimentary, provide client advocacy, run self help groups, conduct screenings, and provide health info
Examples- alzheimer’s association, diabetic clubs, different health foundations/associations - Non healthcare- provide healthcare as supportive function, education r/t safety standards, regulations, and employee wellbeing
Examples- shelters, senior centre, professional associations, social and civic groups
Is learning enhance when one teaching method is combined with another or with supplemental instructional material?
yes
Considerations for selecting a teaching method?
Audience (what one is right for the learner), educator experience, learning objectives, desired outcome, setting, technology, cost-effectiveness
What is a lecture? what learning objectives is it effective for
Educator verbally transmits info directly to group of learners for purpose of instruction. It’s the oldest and most used teaching method. Most effective for learning objectives in cognitive domain and it can be combined with other teaching strategies (like lab)
Critiques of a lecture?
Teacher centred, criticized (not individualized, mostly auditory with some visual, reliant on style of teacher, some people don’t learn the same way
How can lectures be enhanced?
Set goals with open statements, be flexible, present key terms, share examples/stories, and use visual aids
What 3 parts should a lecture include?
Introduction, body, and conclusion
What is a group discussion? benefits and when is it usually used?
Method of teaching whereby learners actively exchange info, feelings, ideas and options with one another and the educator. It can lead to longer retention, enhance understanding, increase social support, and increase participation. It’s usually used in pt/family education
Considerations for group discussions?
Group size (most effective size is 4-8), learner diversity, and background knowledge
Educator responsibilities for group discussions?
Establish trust, facilitate, evaluate, answer questions, and provide feedback
What is group discussion effective for in which domains?
Cognitive and affective
What is cooperative learning?
Uses group work activities to learn. It’s less useful with patients and requires more motivation/self driven attitude (good for students and HCP). It’s learner centred and it is not collaborative learning
What is team based learning? and what are the 4 principles?
Known as flipped classroom B/c learners prepare before class then come to class to discuss what was learned in small groups. It promotes learning in large lecture settings.
4 principles are diverse teams, student accountability pre-class prep, meaningful team assignments, and frequent/timely feedback
Instructor role for team based learning?
Assess team cohesiveness, provide time for group work, provide correct answer, clarify any confusion, provide opportunity for questions
10 cooperative learning strategies? and definitions
- Peer-assisted learning- peers help each other learn, effective in all domains, increased instructor feedback (peer, support, peer tutoring)
- Debate- individual or team, learners research controversial issues/present arguments, learning occurs through listening/questioning, effective in cognitive leaner primarily and some affective
- Problem-based learning- teach present pt scenario/questions and learners work in group to problem solve, encourages interprof. collab/self directed thinking
- Jigsaw- learners given pice of puzzle to complete a task, one group is the learners and the other are the experts, effective for cognitive/affective learning, helps with accountability/critical thinking/self directed learning
- Think pair share- teacher poses questions, learners think about their response and discuss answer with a peer, then they present answer to class, effective for cognitive/affective learning
- Self reflection- reflection of situation, requires self awareness, enhances motivation, knowledge application and competency development
- Service learning- experiential activity in the community that exposes learner to real life experiences, enhances critical thinking/social interaction/teamwork/leadership
- Concept mapping- use visual graphic to help learner organize ideas/understand relationships, useful as homework/in small groups/large classroom setting
- Case based learning- learner examine real case study to understand/solve issues, effective for cognitive/affective learning, improve problem solving/critical thinking
- Seminar- small group of learners gather to discuss content from assigned course, student led seminars enhance participation/peer interaction/teamwork
What is one to one instruction?
Face to face sharing of information that’s designed to meet needs of learners. Useful in all domains. Sessions should be short with limited information. It’s useful in teachable moments when the learner demonstrates readiness to learn.
Disadvantages of ones to one
Labour/time intensive, not cost effective, learner is isolated
Demonstration vs return demonstration, and when are they used?
D- educator performs the skill
RD- learner attempts to perform demonstrated skill with minimal cueing
Useful in psychomotor learning, but can enhance cognitive/affective learning
What should educator do prior and during demonstration?
Prior- provide info, test equipment, ensure learner can see
During- verbalize actions, use exact equipments learner will use, scaffolding (break complex skills into small steps)
What should the educator do prior to and during return demonstration?
Prior- allow learner to touch equipment, reassure the learner
During- remain silent (offer cues as necessary), offer praise and encouragement
Do it as soon as possible following demonstration
Gaming as a teaching method?
Increases learner engagement and includes competitive activity with rules. Games should be designed to meet educational objectives and primarily used for cognitive learning
Role playing? and what domain is it effective for
Learners participate in unrehearsed dramatization. Supports learning in affective domain and educator. Used in short sessions with small groups, and discussion afterwards is essential
What is role modeling?
A person who is looked up to because of success/behaviour. It’s useful in all learning domains and role models help learner bridge gap between theory/practice
What is self directed learning?
Learner assumes responsibility for their learner. Educator provides outline that guides them to learn independently, Educator must be available for support
What is remote learning?
Delivering info across time/space online. Educator must be available for support/communication. Must used for cognitive learning but can have lack of peer engagement
How to select a teaching method?
- Help the learner achieve the objectives?
- Accommodate the target audience?
- Promote inclusivity?
- Make sense related to time, energy, technology,
available resources for the number of learners? - Allow for active participation of all learners?
- Consider cost-effectiveness?
What are instructional materials?
Tools used to communicate information and supplement (not replace) act of teaching. Can influence behaviour in all 3 learning domains
how to choose instructional materials? 3 different characteristics
- Consider characteristics of learner- reading skill, motivation, gender, learning style, developmental stage…
- Characteristics of medium- demonstration, audiovisual, printed material
- Characteristics of task- complexity, learning domain
3 points to consider when selecting instructional material?
- Delivery system- software/hardware used to present info like a PP or computer
- Content- intended message learner receives
- Presentation- form of message, occurring on continuum from concrete to abstract
Considerations for delivery system?
Appropriateness of medium to convey info. # of learners, flexibility/pace of learning session, where learners live
Considerations for content?
Relevance, conceptualization (does it bring together big picture), accuracy, organization, types of knowledge, illustrations, and readability (literacy level)
3 types of knowledge?
Declarative- facts, ideas, theories
Procedural- steps of how to do something
Conditional- content/rationale for information
What is realia, illusionary representations, and symbolic representations under presentation?
R- most concrete form of presentation to delivery info (like showing someone with diabetes how to inject themselves)
IR- more abstract way to delivery info like photograph or audio tape, stimulates vision/hearing to reinforce info
SR- most abstract way to deliver a message, mot used because its easy, can be more difficult to understand, use of letter/graphs/symbols
3 types of instructional materials
Written/printed, demonstration, and audiovisual
Advantages/disadvantges of written/printed PEMS?
A- available, familiar, convenient, suitable for many learners, flexible learning, comes in many languages
D- most abstract form of presentation, immediate feedback limited, often written at high reading level
Dos for written/printed material?
Tailor info to patient, information up to date, don’t include too much info/write at higher reading level/use medical jargon, organize info in logical way, define terms if complex, write 2-4 grade levels below target audience
Demonstration material advantage/disadvantages?
A- active engagement of learner, useful for cognitive/psychomotor learning, inexpensive, reusable
D- can become outdated, overused, time consuming to make, not suitable for large audiences
3 types of demonstration materials?
- Models- 3D object, learner can physically handle them, can be replica (looks like what it would look like in person), analogue (not exact replica like SIM doll), symbols (word, pictures)
- Display- 2D objects, share short/simple messages, effective for behavioural objectives
- Poster- print/visual material, visual stimulation is the primary purpose
Advantages and disadvantages to audiovisual materials?
A- effective with groups, beneficial for low literacy/hearing impairments, effective for all domains, increases understanding and retention
D- often overused, too much content, distracting, requires equipment like a computer, can encourage bullet point thinking
Types of audiovisual materials?
Audio learning resources (podcasts, CDs, radio), video learning resources (DVD, webinar, streaming video), telecommunication learning resources (TV, telephones), digital (computer learning)
What is a teaching plan? and the 8 parts
Blueprint that outlines how the goals/obectives will be achieved. Parts- Goal, purpose, objectives, content outline, methods of teaching, time allotment, resources/tools used, and method of evaluation
Teaching plan considerations?
Should be consistent, domain of learning for each objective matches elements in plan, realistic
Why make a teaching plan?
- Helps the teacher see the relationship between each step of the teaching process to ensure a logical approach.
- To communicate specifically:
a. What is being taught?
b. How is it being taught?
c. How is it being evaluated?
d. In what time frame? - Legally document the individualized plan and ensure it is being implemented.
