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The Medicine (Y2) > TBL - prostaglandins > Flashcards

TBL - prostaglandins Flashcards

1
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

Polunsaturated, oxygenated derivatives of C20 fatty acids

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2
Q

Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. True or false?

A

True

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3
Q

What are the three C20 fatty acids that prostaglandins are derivatives of?

A

Arachidonic acid
DLGA
EPA

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4
Q

What are prostaglandins classified according to?

A

the code of ring variants and the number of double bonds in their side chain

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5
Q

What are the R1 and R2 functional groups of PGE2?

A

R1 - =O

R2 - -OH

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6
Q

What are the R1 and R2 functional groups of PGD2?

A

R1 - OH

R2 - =O

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7
Q

What are the R1 and R2 functional groups of PGF2a?

A

R1 - -OH

R2 - -OH

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8
Q

PGD2 are produced during an inflammatory response. True or false?

A

False - during an immune response

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9
Q

PGE2 are produced during an inflammatory response. True or false?

A

True

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10
Q

Which PG is produced during vasoconstriction?

A

PGF2a

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11
Q

Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid. True or false?

A

True

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12
Q

What is the role of prostacyclin in relation to platelets?

A

It is a potent vasodilator that inhibits platelet aggregation

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13
Q

What is the role of thromboxane A2 in relation to platelets?

A

It is an inducer of platelet aggregation

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14
Q

How many fatty acids are PGs made from?

A

20 carbon

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15
Q

Arachidonic acid gives rise to which series of PG?

A

PGE2

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16
Q

DGLA gives rise to which series of PG?

A

PGE1

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17
Q

EPA gives rise to which series of PG?

A

PGE3

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18
Q

A minimum of how many double bonds are needed to form a PG?

A

2

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19
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids for our body?

A

Omega 3 and omega 6

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20
Q

COX metabolises arachidonic acid to a precursor. Which group of drugs block the action of COX?

A

NSAIDs e.g. aspirin

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21
Q

What frees arachidonic acid from the cell membranes?

A

Phospholipase A2

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22
Q

COX2 pathway is activated upon a physiological stimuli. True or false?

A

False - COX1 is activated

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23
Q

What sort of stimuli activates the COX2 pathway?

A

A pathological stimulus

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24
Q

At increased levels, prostaglandins make cells behave abnormally. True or false?

A

True

25
Q

Which COX pathway results in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory PGs?

A

COX2

26
Q

Which COX pathway results in the production of thromboxane A2 and PGI2?

A

COX 1

27
Q

Prostaglandins are involved in renal function. True or false?

A

True

28
Q

Prostaglandins are involved in bone remodelling. True or false?

A

True

29
Q

How many types of prostaglandin receptors are there?

A

5

30
Q

What are prostaglandin receptors called?

A

P receptors

31
Q

PG receptors are ligand-gated ion channels. True or false?

A

False - G-protein couple transmembrane receptors

32
Q

PG receptors are linked to cAMP and Na+ signalling. True or false?

A

False - cAMP and Ca2+

33
Q

What type of PGs do DP receptors bind?

A

PGD2

34
Q

What physiological significance does the binding of PGD2 to DP receptors have?

A

Vasodilation
GI relaxation
inhibition of platelet aggregation

35
Q

What type of PG binds to FP receptor?

A

PGF2a

36
Q

What physiological significance does the binding of PGF2a to FP receptor have?

A

Bronchoconstriction

Luteolysis

37
Q

The IP receptor bind PGI2. What does the binding to this receptor mediate?

A

Vasodilation
Inhibition of platelet aggregation
Fibrinolysis

38
Q

What binds to the TP receptor?

A

TXA2

39
Q

What does the binding of TXA2 to TP receptor mediate?

A

Vasoconstriction
Platelet aggregation
Bronchoconstriction

40
Q

EP1 receptor mediates GI contraction and pyrexia. True or false?

A

True

41
Q

What does the EP2 receptor mediate?

A

Bronchodilation
Vasodilation
Stimulates GI fluid secretion

42
Q

What does the EP3 receptor mediate?

A

GI relaxation
inhibition of gastric acid secretion
Inhibition of of autonomic nervous system transmitters
Pyrexia

43
Q

What do EP4 receptors mediate?

A

Vasodilation
Bone homeostasis
Pyrexia

44
Q

Arachidonic acid is involved in the omega 6 pathway. True or false?

A

True

45
Q

What starts the omega 3 pathway off?

A

a- linoleic acid

46
Q

In the omega 6 pathway what follows on from linoleic acid?

A

GLA -> DGLA -> AA

47
Q

What starts the omega 6 pathway?

A

linoleic acid

48
Q

DHA is involved in the omega 3 pathway. True or false?

A

True

49
Q

EPA is found in the omega 6 pathway. True or false?

A

True

50
Q

EPA and DHA are found in plants. True or false?

A

False - oily fish are rich in EPA and DHA

51
Q

Fishy oil supplementation produces a dose-dependent increase of fasting blood TG but not total, HDL or LDL cholesterol in hyperlipidaemic subjects. True or false?

A

False - reduction in fasting blood TG

52
Q

LCPUFA are critical for infant and childhood brain development. True or false?

A

True

53
Q

DHA and EPA are high in western diets so no supplementation is required early on in life. True or false?

A

False - low in western diet so consider supplementation

54
Q

A reduction in PGI2 via use of NSAIDs leads to hypokalaemia and acute renal failure. True or false?

A

False - hyperkalaemia

55
Q

A reduction in PGE2 leads to increase in sodium retention, peripheral oedema, hypertension, increase in weight. True or false?

A

True

56
Q

Arthrotec is a composition of which two drugs?

A

Diclofenac and misoprostol

57
Q

How do prostaglandin analogues work in glaucoma?

A

They reduce intra-ocular pressure relieving the optic nerve; allowing fluid to drain freely

58
Q

Latanoprost and bimatoprost are what types of PG analogues?

A

PGF2a

The Medicine (Y2) (34 decks)

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