TBL 10 Flashcards
Bones of arm, wrist, and hand
bone on the lateral side of the forearm
radius
the radius proximally articulates with the ____ and the ____ to form the elbow joint
capitulum of the humerus; radial notch of the ulna
the radius distally articulates with the ____ and ___ in the wrist
head of the ulna; scaphoid and lunate bones
during pronation and supination, the radius rotates about its _____ at its proximal end and circumducts the ___ at its distal end
long axis; ulna
the expanded, round, proximal end of the radius
radial head
shallow concavity for articulation with the humerus capitulum
proximal surface of the radius
part of the radius that articulates with the radial notch of the ulna
periphery of the radius
head of the radius is at its ___ end, while the head of the ulna is at its ___ end
proximal; distal
constricted area immediately distal to the radial head
radial neck
area on the anteromedial, proximal aspect of the radius, distal to the neck
radial tuberosity
the insertion site of the biceps brachii muscle
radial tuberosity
the radial tuberosity is the insertion site for the
biceps brachii muscle
the elongated midportion of the radius that widens along its proximal to distal extent
radial body (shaft)
medial border of the radial shaft forms
sharp crest (interosseous border)
purpose of the interosseous border
attachment of the interosseous membrane
binds together radius and ulna
interosseous membrane
shallow depression on distal, medial aspect of the radius
ulnar notch
articular surface for the head of the ulna
ulnar notch
distal projection from the lateral, distal aspect of the radius
styloid process
extends lateral to the proximal row of carpal bones
styloid process
forms the distal surface of the radius
carpal articular surface
articulates laterally with the scaphoid and medially with the lunate bones
carpal articular surface
bone that lies on the medial side of the forearm
ulna
the ulna proximally articulates with the ___ and ___ in the elbow joint
trochlea of the humerus, head of the radius
the ulna distally articulates with the
ulnar notch of the radius
bone characterized by large, hook-shaped proximal end
ulna
easily palpable proximal end of the ulna
olecranon
forms the “point” of the elbow
olecranon
insertion site of the triceps brachii muscle
olecranon
the olecranon is the insertion site of the
triceps brachii muscle
beaklike tip of the olecanon fits into the ____ of the humerus when the elbow is extended
olecranon fossa
anterior projection forming the inferior end of the proximal end of the ulna
coronoid process
large, crescent-shaped notch on the anterior aspect of the proximal end of the ulna
trochlear notch
articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
trochlear notch of the ulna
articular surface for the head of the radius
radial notch of the ulna
anterior aspect of the coronoid process
ulnar tuberosity
insertion area for the brachialis muscle
ulnar tuberosity
the ulnar tuberosity serves as the insertion point for the
brachialis muscle
elongated midportion of the ulna
ulnar body (shaft)
rounded and subcutaneous and easily palpable along the entire length of the ulna
posterior aspect of the ulnar body
lateral border of the ulnar shaft forms
sharp crest (interosseous border)
the interosseous border is formed by the ___ of the radius and the ___ of the ulna
medial border; lateral border
small, rounded distal end of the ulna
ulnar head
has an articular surface on its lateral side for contact with the ulnar notch of the radius
ulnar head
small projection from the posterolateral, distal end of the ulna
styloid process
the styloid process is a projection from the ___ of the radius and the ___ of the ulna
lateral, distal aspect; posterolateral, distal end
the radial tuberosity is on the ____ of the radius
anteromedial, proximal aspect
strong triangular bands that are medial and lateral thickenings of the fibrous layer of the joint capsule
collateral ligaments
the ligament that extends from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
lateral radial collateral ligament
the fan-like radial collateral ligament extends from the
lateral epicondyle of the humerus
ligament that encircles and holds the radial head in the radial notch of the ulna
anular ligament
ligament that extends from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna
medial ulnar collateral ligament
8 small bones comprising of the hand
carpal bones
at birth, the carpal bones are
cartilaginous
what happens to the carpal bones during the first year of growth
the capitate begins to ossify
what happens to the carpal bones by the 12th year of growth
all bones are ossified
the proximal row of the carpal bones contain:
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
which carpal bones articulate with the radius
scaphoid and lunate
the distal row of the carpal bones contain:
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
carpal bone that forms a saddle joint with the first metacarpal bone, allowing great mobility of the thumb
trapezium
central and largest carpal bone
capitate
carpal bone that contains a hook
hamate
the hook-shaped attachment points of the flexor retinaculum
hamulus
largest, most lateral carpal bone of the proximal row
scaphoid
the scaphoid is located in the floor of the
anatomical snuffbox
frequently fractured by impact on the base of the hand when the wrist is hyperextended and abducted
scaphoid
the scaphoid is frequently fractured on the base of the hand when the wrist is
hyperextended and abducted
roughly semilunar-shaped carpal bone located between the scaphoid and triquetrum
lunate
roughly pyramidal-shaped carpal bone
triquetrum
most medial bone in the proximal carpal row
triquetrum
carpal bone that lies anterior to the triquetrum
pisiform
small, pea-shaped, sesamoid carpal bone formed in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
pisiform
the pisiform is formed in the tendon of the
flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
the arrangement of bones forms a deep ___ groove on the ___ aspect of the wrist
concave; ventral
the concave groove on the ventral aspect of the wrist is roofed over by a strong ligamentous band called
flexor retinaculum
the flexor retinaculum ligamentous band covering the ventral concave groove of the wrist forms the
carpal tunnel
conveys several flexor tendons and the median nerve into the hand
carpal tunnel
the carpal tunnel conveys several ___ tendons and the ___ nerve into the hand
flexor; median
compression of the carpal tunnel space and/or trauma to its contents results in
carpal tunnel syndrome
most common carpal bone fracture
scaphoid fracture
blood supply to the scaphoid is transmitted via the
distal segment
scaphoid fracture at the waist between the proximal and distal poles can compromise the blood supply to the proximal segment, resulting in
nonunion and avascular necrosis
5 bones located between the carpal bones and the phalanges of the hand
metacarpal bones
bones that comprise the body of the hand
metacarpal bones
bones that make up the fingers
phalanges
metacarpal bones are numbered 1-5 starting with the most
lateral unit (thumb)
the proximal end of the metacarpal bone
base
articulates with the distal row of carpal bones
metacarpal base
elongate, slender midportion of the metacarpal bone
metacarpal body (shaft)
the metacarpal shaft is slightly ___ and is triangular in ___ section
concave anteriorly; transverse
the rounded distal end of the metacarpal bone
metacarpal head
articulates with the proximal phalanx of the corresponding digit and forms a knuckle of the hand
metacarpal head
what forms the knuckle of the hand
metacarpal head + proximal phalanx
shortest and most mobile metacarpal bone
first metacarpal bone of the thumb
the first metacarpal bone of the thumb occupies a more ___ position
anterior
the first metacarpal bone of the thumb is rotated ___ so that its ___ surface is directed ___ rather than posteriorly
medially; extensor; laterally
bones that comprise the digits of the hand
phalanges
how many phalanges does the thumb have
2 (proximal and distal)
how many phalanges do the digits, excluding the thumb, have
3 (proximal, middle, distal)
articulates with the head of the corresponding metacarpal bone
phalangeal base of each proximal phalanx
articulates with the head of the next most proximal phalanx
phalangeal base of the middle and distal phalanx
which phalanx has a short body
distal
articulates with the base of the next most distal phalanx
phalangeal head of each proximal and middle phalanx
the phalangeal base of each proximal phalanx articulates with the
head of the corresponding metacarpal bone
the phalangeal base of the middle and distal phalanx articulates with the
head of the next most proximal phalanx
the phalangeal head of each proximal and middle phalanx articulates with the
base of the next most distal phalanx
in the hand, the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus muscles invaginate a
common synovial sheath
a common synovial sheath is invaginated by the tendons of the
flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus muscles
the medial part of the common synovial sheath extends ___ without interruption on the tendons of the ___ finger
distally; little
the ___ part of the common synovial sheath extends distally
medial
the lateral part of the common synovial sheath ends on the ___ of the palm
middle
the ___ part of the common synovial sheath ends on the middle of the ___
lateral; palm
the distal ends of the ___ tendons of the index, middle, and ring fingers acquire digital synovial sheaths as they enter the fingers
long flexor
the ___ ends of the long flexor tendons of the ___, ___, ___ fingers acquire digital synovial sheaths as they
distal; index, middle, ring; enter the fingers
the distal ends of the long flexor tendons of the index, middle, and ring fingers acquire ___ as they enter the fingers
digital synovial sheaths
the ___ tendon has its own synovial sheath that passes into the thumb
flexor pollicis longus
the flexor pollicis longus tendon has its own synovial sheath (radial bursa) that passes into the
thumb
the synovial sheath of the flexor pollicis longus is also called
radial bursa
the radial bursa allow the long tendons to move ___ with minimum ___ beneath the ___ and the ___
smoothly; friction; flexor retinaculum; fibrous flexor sheaths
the ___ allow the long tendons to move smoothly with minimum friction beneath the flexor retinaculum and the fibrous flexor sheaths
synovial sheath of the flexor pollicis longus (radial bursa)
communicates with the common synovial sheath of the superficialis and profundus tendons at the wrist
radial bursa
the common synovial sheath of the superficialis and profundus tendons is also called the
ulnar bursa
red communicating pattern denotes
ulnar bursa, or cases of radial-ulnar bursa communication
yellow communicating patter denotes
radial bursa
take home message
infection may spread anyway
the 4 tendons of the extensor digitorum emerge from under the ___ and fan out over the ___
extensor retinaculum; dorsum of the hand
the 4 tendons of the ___ emerge from ___ the extensor retinaculum and fan out ___ the dorsum of the hand
extensor digitorum; under; over
the 4 tendons of the extensor digitorum are embedded in the
deep fascia
adjacent tendons of the extensor digitorum are linked proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints by
3 oblique intertendinous connections
___ tendons of the extensor digitorum are linked ___ to the ___ joints by 3 oblique intertendinous connections
adjacent; proximally; metacarpaphalangeal
restrict independent extension of the 4 medial digits
3 oblique intertendinous connections
the 3 oblique intertendinous connections restrict independent extension of the
4 medial digits, esp ring finger
3 oblique intertendinous connections restrict independent ___ of the 4 medial digits
extension
none of the medial digits can remain fully ___ while the others are fully ___
flexed; extended
the ___ tendon of the extensor digitorum is fused initially with the tendon to the ring finger
fourth
the fourth tendon of the extensor digitorum reaches the little finger by
an intertendinous connection
the extensor tendon joins the fascial expansion on the ___ surface of each finger
posterior
the fascial expansion is also called the
extensor expansion
the extensor expansion splits into 3 parts near the
proximal interphalangeal joint
the extensor expansion splits into
a central part and two lateral parts
the central part of the extensor expansion is inserted into the
base of the middle phalanx
the base of the middle phalanx is inserted by the ___ of the extensor expansion
central part
the two lateral parts of the extensor expansion converge to insert into the
base of the distal phalanx
the base of the distal phalanx is inserted by the ___ of the extensor expansion
convergence of the 2 lateral parts
the skin is thick and tightly bound to the underlying deep fascia by
numerous fibrous bands
fibrous bands bind the skin to the
underlying deep fascia
small superficial muscle located over the hypothenar eminence
palmaris brevis
the palmaris brevis is located over the
hypothenar eminence
origin of the palmaris brevis
flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis
insertion of the palmaris brevis
skin on the medial border of the palm of the hand
innervation of the palmaris brevis
superficial branch of the ulnar nerve
the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve innervates
palmaris brevis
corrugates the skin of the hypothenar eminence to improve the grip of the palm
palmaris brevis
improves the grip of the palm
palmaris brevis
thinner over the thenar and hypothenar eminences
deep fascia of the palm
thicker on the central area of the palm
deep fascia of the palm
forms the palmar aponeurosis
deep fascia of the palm
the deep fascia of the palm is thinner over the ___ and thicker over the ___
thenar and hypothenar eminences; central area of the palm
the palmar aponeurosis is ___-shaped
triangular
the ___ of the palmar aponeurosis is directed proximally to attach to the flexor retinaculum
apex
the apex of the palmar aponeurosis is directed ___ to attach to the ___ where it receives insertion of the ___
proximally; flexor retinaculum; palmaris longus tendon
the ___ of the palmar aponeurosis is directed distally at the base of the fingers
base
the base of the palmar aponeurosis is directed ___ at the ___ of the fingers where it divides into ___ which become continuous with ___
distally; base; four slips; fibrous flexor (digital) sheaths
thickened to form the flexor retinaculum and the palmar aponeurosis
deep fascia of the wrist
the deep fascia of the wrist is thickened to form the
flexor retinaculum and the palmar aponeurosis
triangular and occupies the central area of the palm
palmar aponeurosis
the apex of the palmar aponeurosis is attached to the ___ of the flexor retinaculum
distal border
the medial and lateral borders of the palmar aponeurosis are continuous with the
thinner deep fascia
continuous with the thinner deep fascia covering the thenar and hypothenar muscles
medial and lateral borders of the palmar aponeurosis
pass deeply into the palm and take part in the formation of the palmar fascial spaces
fibrous septa
gives firm attachment to the overlying skin
palmar aponeurosis
improves the grip and protects the underlying tendons
palmar aponeurosis
complete fracture of the radius bone of the forearm close to the wrist resulting in an upward (posterior) displacement of the radius and deformity
Colles fracture
a Colles fracture results in ___ displacement of the ___
an upward (posterior); radius
Colles fracture is commonly called
dinner-fork deformity
location of Colles fracture
distal radius
break to the distal radius with the distal end displaced anteriorly
Smith fracture
occurs by a fall on a flexed wrist
Smith fracture
Smith fracture occurs by a fall on a
flexed wrist
