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Training Bulletins > TB 156 - Hillside Home Structure Fires > Flashcards

TB 156 - Hillside Home Structure Fires Flashcards

1
Q

There are over _________hillside structures in the City, including platform homes, multi-story pre-fabricated homes, custom homes, apartments and commercial buildings.

A

400,000

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2
Q

Successful firefighting operations in hillside homes require ________ __________ ________ (SOP), strong _______, continuous ______ _____, a well communicated ________, and effective firefighting tactics.

A

Standard operating procedures, strong command, size ups, strategy

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3
Q

Many of these homes are designed with a focus on capturing as much of the hillside view as possible. Commonly, they are multi-story with an open ________, and often consist of split-levels throughout, depending on the degree of slope.

A

Stairwell

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4
Q

There are three general categories of hillside homes:

A

Descending
Ascending
Cantilever

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5
Q

Although __________ Hillside homes have historically been the most dangerous to firefighters, each type of hillside home possesses unique challenges and construction features that are important to identify before determining the safest and most effective strategy and tactics.

A

Descending

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6
Q

Are built to provide opportunity for multiple floors and built on the downslope (descending side the roadway).

A

Descending hillside homes

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7
Q

Descending hillside homes are usually a minimum of _____ stories, the home is constructed to make the most of the sloping topography.

A

2 stories

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8
Q

Descending hillside homes

Multi-level home plans typically use _______, as well as ________ access to the lower levels of the home.

A

Interior as well as exterior

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9
Q

Descending hillside homes

Design features of these homes commonly offer large picture ________, as well as cantilever _______ off the lowest level and even walkout _________.

A

Windows
Balconies
Basements

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10
Q

Descending hillside homes

Access to lower floors is often available via ______ staircases that descend with the hillside and offer portals of entry on ______ sides

A

Exterior
Multiple

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11
Q

Descending hillside homes

Occupancies that are built on a descending slope are the most dangerous because of the possibility that entry from the grade level into the structure could place firefighters ____ _____ _______ if it originates on a lower floor.

A

Above the fire

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12
Q

are built into the upslope side of the roadway.

A

Ascending hillside homes

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13
Q

Ascending hillside homes

Unlike the descending hillside home, access to the first floor does not present the same hazards unless entry is made from an

A

Upper floor

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14
Q

Ascending hillside homes

Often they are cut into the hillside depending on the

A

Percentage of slope

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15
Q

Ascending hillside homes

On larger properties with shallow slopes you may find long __________ leading up to a flat pad.

A

Driveways

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16
Q

Ascending hillside homes

Steeper slopes may contain block retaining walls outlining the _______ floor. The Ascending Hillside home is usually multi-story with the garage located at _______ level representing the first floor.

A

First floor
Grade level

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17
Q

Ascending hillside homes

There may be alternative portals of entry available on each side of the home identified by ________ _______.

A

Exterior staircases

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18
Q

were originally built in the early 1900’s. Also known as stilt homes, they were built on steep vacant hillside lots and perched precariously on the side of the hill.

A

Cantilever hillside homes

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19
Q

Cantilever hillside homes

These homes were one story and utilized ______ construction with heavy timber wood supports tied to the original foundation.

A

Wood construction

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20
Q

Cantilever hillside homes

Later generation stilt homes were built on a _______ or wood foundation and utilized _______ ________ to support the entire home, cantilevering out as much as __ to __ feet over the hillside.

A

Concrete
Steel poles
50-75 feet

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21
Q

Cantilever hillside homes

Portals of entry for these types of occupancies are usually from the ______ side through the ______ ______ or _______ area.

A

Street side
Front door
Garage area

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22
Q

Cantilever hillside homes

Modern architecture of cantilever homes utilizes _______, ______, ________ metal, _________ and may have multiple floors hanging over the hillside.

A

Concrete, steel, corrugated metal, fiberglass

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23
Q

Cantilever hillside homes

The support of these homes is typically concrete ________ buried deep into the hillside. Regardless, the portals of entry remain the same through the _______ of the structure.

A

Concrete pilasters
Front

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24
Q

Cantilever hillside homes

When a fire is located on a ____ _______ floor it can create one of the most dangerous environments in structural firefighting.

A

Sub level

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25
Q

These contemporary hillside homes can have two or more stories and resemble small __________ buildings based on the size of the property.

A

Small commercial builfings

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26
Q

The changes in construction styles and methods have permitted larger homes, often occupying the entire square footage of the property, sometimes called

A

Mansionization

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27
Q

One of the biggest challenges with hillside homes is access to _____ floors from grade level.

A

Lower floors

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28
Q

Specifically, multi-story _________ Hillside Homes are outfitted with an unenclosed interior stairwell that serves all floors, while oftentimes offering no access to lower floors from the exterior.

A

Cantilever hillside homes

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29
Q

Consequently, any fire located below grade is similar to a __________ fire, causing firefighters to attack the fire from above.

A

Basement

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30
Q

Multi-story ___________ Hillside Homes may have the same type of unenclosed interior stairwell, but usually provide multiple portals of entry on sub-levels.

A

Descending

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31
Q

Homes built on a slope (__________ Hillside Home) can normally be handled with similar strategy and tactics utilized for a traditional single or multi-family dwelling.

A

Ascending

32
Q

However, homes built on the downhill side of a roadway (__________ Hillside Home) require unique strategy and tactics for safe and effective mitigation.

A

Descending hillside homes

33
Q

It is imperative that every attempt is made to conduct a ____ ________ survey to determine the fire extent and floor of origin and to clearly communicate this information to other resources before initiating interior firefighting operations.

A

360 degree survey

34
Q
  1. Give a comprehensive size-up informing Metropolitan Fire Communications (MFC) and all incoming resources that this is a hillside home stating the ____, number of ______ and specific type (________, _________, or __________).
A

Size, number of floors
Ascending, descending, cantilever

35
Q
  1. Prior to advancement of any hose lines, complete a_____ degree survey of the building to further assess the structure, and announce the additional information in a subsequent size-up to responding resources.

a. Type of ________ _________

b. Number of ________ (above or below grade)

c. ______ and _____ of building where initial fire attack lines will be deployed

A

360
Hillside home
Floors
Floor and side

36
Q

If the building features make it impossible to attack the fire at or below the lowest level of fire involvement, concerned officers should consider utilizing the tactic of “_________ _________,” with limited and focused application of water from the exterior, directly through windows only when visible ______ is showing.

A

Transitional attack
Visible fire

37
Q

The focused application of a straight hose stream will significantly reduce the interior temperatures and is intended to lessen the potential for

A

Flashover

38
Q

Multi-story Cantilever Hillside Homes that have no doorway access from subfloors, require a _____ ________ of how long the fire has been burning.

A

Risk assessment

39
Q

Multi story cantilever hillside home

The fire attack team shall provide a risk versus gain tactical analysis on an offensive fire attack from a _____ ______ the fire or a defensive attack with water through an opening (such as a ______) from the exterior at the identified fire floor.

A

Floor above
Window

40
Q

Multi story cantilever hillside home

If an offensive attack is considered as the only means, then it is imperative that a backup fire attack team has a ________ in place before descending the interior stairwell.

A

Hose line

41
Q

A fire that develops on any sub-level of a multi-story Descending Hillside Home can create hot gasses and smoke that may reach the ceiling level and begin to

A

Mushroom and stratify

42
Q

As the superheated gasses start moving laterally across the ceiling system in the sub-level, the fire may progress and create a _____ ______ to the unprotected interior stairwell, creating a ________ effect.

A

Flow path
Chimney effect

43
Q

The idea that quickly descending a stairwell as a fire attack team, to an involved room on a sub-level will provide a cooler atmosphere is

A

False

44
Q

Although temperatures in a fully developed fire in a room are cooler towards the floor, studies have shown that when fire communicates via an unprotected stairwell, the ______ of the stairwell may produce even higher temperatures than at the ______

A

Floor
Ceiling

45
Q

It is the LAFD practice that any hillside home that has one or more floors below grade with access, be attacked whenever possiblefrom a portal of entry ____ or ______ the origin of the fire.

A

At or below

46
Q

Ventilation on a hillside home can be challenging because of a variety of considerations. _______, __________ _________, layout and even ________ can ultimately affect the desired outcome.

A

Access, building construction
Weather

47
Q

Ventilation

_________ of the fire, coordination and communication with _____ _______ about the conditions of the interior are the highest priority in determining placement of an initial heat hole to accomplish vertical ventilation.

A

Location of the fire
Coordination and communication with fire attack

48
Q

Ventilation teams are then better equipped to select the location for the heat hole, or may opt to provide a ventilation hole in proximity to the

A

Stairwell

49
Q

Coordinated ________ or _________ ventilation at a structure fire can assist fire attack companies by removing smoke and superheated gasses.

A

Vertical or horizontal ventilation

50
Q

If the fire is below grade and the only entry to establish fire attack is from the first floor, then a contingency plan of providing __________ ventilation needs to be considered.

A

Horizontal ventilation

51
Q

A ventilation hole over the interior stairwell should only be initiated after the fire attack team has descended the stairwell to the fire floor and communicated the

A

Progress of the attack

52
Q

One of the most overlooked effects of natural ventilation on hillside home is the ________ wind influence.

A

Diurnal wind

53
Q

The ________ and _________ of the mountain slopes create diurnal winds.

A

Heating and cooling

54
Q

Diurnal winds usually change direction

A

Twice per day

55
Q

Diurnal winds

As a general rule upslope, up-valley winds generate just after _______ and downslope, down-valley winds generate just before ______.

A

Sunrise
Sunset

56
Q

Careful consideration should be given to opening the front door on grade level so that when a fire is located on a sub-level; there could be an additional flow path created by

A

Natural ventilation

57
Q

It is important to the success of the incident to determine the best placement of the apparatus based on ______, ________ location, ______ to the home, responding resources, and the use of hoselines, ladders, tools, and equipment.

A

Safety
Hydrant location
Access to the home

58
Q

It is imperative for _____ arriving companies to position the apparatus in a way to allow for other resources to have the full benefit of being as close to the physical address as possible

A

First arriving companies

59
Q

First arriving Truck companies should attempt to make their way to the structure and pull ___ _____ the address when practical, for the use of ladders, tools and equipment

A

Well past

60
Q

Additional arriving Truck companies should consider their assignment and determine the need for ______ and ________ over apparatus.

A

Tools and equipment

61
Q

Consideration should be given to staging the Truck and staffing the _____ _______ ________ when access is a challenge.

A

200 series engine

62
Q

Resources that will not be used based on the type or tools they carry should stage on ________ or _________ streets as to not create a bottleneck.

A

Adjacent or intersecting

63
Q

One of the most important tactical watchouts in a multi-story hillside home is the ability to perform a

A

360

64
Q

A 360 is a term used to provide

A

Reconnaissance

65
Q

A complete 360 might not always be possible on a hillside home; however, identifying a portal of entry (_____, ______, _______, _______) at or below the fire is the highest priority.

A

Alpha, bravo, charlie, delta

66
Q

Entering the structure from any other entry sub level after fire attack already entered through the front door can create flashover conditions is less than a ________ and provide an untenable and life-threatening situation for any company above the fire floor.

A

Minute

67
Q

When engaging in fire suppression on a Descending Hillside Home, fire attack, backup fire attack and additional resources shall make an attack from a common portal of entry until

A

Water can be placed on the seat of the fire

68
Q

An alternative to sounding is using an _____ or similar tool to provide an indicator hole of potential fire below on a hillside home.

A

Axe

69
Q

can be a tremendous advantage on the fire ground.

A

Thermal Imaging Cameras (TIC)

70
Q

the TIC offers little or no indication of this hazard on the floor

A

Above the fire

71
Q

In effort to ensure an appropriate risk profile, _______, _________, _________, and ________ is developed,

A

Strategy, tactics, deployment, and organization

72
Q

it may be necessary to establish a fixed Incident Command Post (ICP) and utilize the second arriving Battalion Command Team as the___________ _______ _______ (OSC) to supervise and validate tactical operations.

A

Operations section chief

73
Q

A normal response for a hillside, single or multi-family dwelling is a

A

C assignment

74
Q

Any occupancy having a floor at street or grade level would become the _____floor or Division 1. The next level below grade would become ____ ___________ and subsequently below that floor would become ____ _________

A

First
Sun-division 1
Sun-division 2

75
Q

It is the practice of the LAFD that any Sub-Division may be communicated in its abbreviated form as ________ or __________ to assist with clear text radio communications.

A

Sub 1
Sub 2

76
Q

The first floor at street or grade level would become Division 1. The next level above the first floor would become Division 2 and sequentially above that floor would become Division 3.
Describes what type of home

A

Ascending hillside home

77
Q

Exposures (in hillside home areas) would likely be handled as _________ Divisions.

A

Lettered divisions

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