TB 090 - Fire Burns Flashcards
One of the greatest risks Firefighters encounter during Firefighting operations is
Thermal burns
Thermal burns can occur in the following ways
- Contact with _____ heat sources
Conducted
Thermal burns can occur in the following ways
2.exposure to _____ heat sources
Convective
Thermal burns can occur in the following ways
- Exposure to _____ heat sources or direct flame impingement
Radiant
Tests indicate that exposure to temperatures of only ___-___ F will cause extreme pain and severe, full thickness burns to all unprotected skin.
280-320F
Second Degree Burns can occur with exposure to only
111 DEGREES
Second Degree Burns can occur within __seconds of exposure to 131 degrees.
20sec
Second Degree Burns can occur within ___ second of exposure to 158 degrees.
One second
___ ___ develop faster and are more severe than dry heat burns at the same temperature, due to latent heat transfer.
Steam burns
is the most severe type of exposure.
Direct flame impingement
A Firefighter caught in a flashover, just five feet inside a room, will be exposed to temperatures of _____ to ____F, and direct flame impingement for at least __ seconds
1000-1500
2 sec
The six observable or measurable factors in a Class “A” fire are:
- ____ heat
- ____
- ______
- Proportioning of the ______ mixture
- _____ of the fuel/air mixture
- Uninhibited _____ _____ between active fuel/air molecules
- Input heat
- fuel
- Oxyge
- Fuel/air
- Mixing
- Chain reaction
Due to the wide variety of possible fire conditions, some or all of the following products of combustion will be present:
- Toxic and/or flammable vapors or gases
- Carbon based particulate matter
- Non-toxic and/or non-flammable vapors or gases
- ____ ____
- Heat
Free radicals
is a form of energy in transit or change.
Heat
is the condition of a body that determines whether it will transfer heat to or receive heat from another body.
Temperature
Heat always moves from warmer bodies to
Cooler bodies
______ is a basic unit of heat.
British thermal unit (btu)
A BTU is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of ___ ____ of water one degree fahrenheit.
One pound
is the thermal capacity of a substance. It is the number of BTU’s required to raise the temperature of one pound of a substance one degree Fahrenheit
Specific heat
is the quantity of heat absorbed by a substance when passing between phases
Latent heat
Water has a Latent Heat of fusion of ____BTU’s and Latent Heat of vaporization of ___ BTU’s.
143
970
is when heat energy is transmitted similar to light waves.
Radiation
is the transmission, spread, or distribution of heat through the motion of a heated fluid.
Convection
Phenomena such as “____ _____” and “______” are explained by understanding convection (Figure 3).
Thermal layering
Mushrooming
is the transfer of heat through matter without any visible motion of that matter. This is the only method of heat transfer through solid objects.
Conduction
There are three stages in the development of an interior fire
Growth stage
Fully developed staged
Decay stage
Growth stage
The rate of combustion, fire intensity, and the total combustion product output are governed by six major f actors :
A. The amount of ______ ______ surface.
B. The _______ of the combustible surfaces.
C. The type of ____ ____.
D. The ______ of the combustible surfaces.
E. The ratio of combustible _____ to ____ or ____ _____.
F. The amount of available air flow or ventilation.
Exposed combustible
Arrangement
Fuel source
Nature
Surface to room or area volume
can be identified as the curve occurring near the end of the growth stage.
Flashover
can be identified by the upward direction of the fire curve on the time temperature curve.
Growth stage
identified by the downward direction of the fire curve or temperature decrease.
Decay stage
Increasing use of synthetic furnishings that when ignited burn ___to ____ times hotter and faster than ordinary combustibles
Two to three
is a sudden sporadic generation of flame mixed with smoke at the upper ceiling level just before flashover occurs.
Rollover
IS A WARNING OF A MORE DEADLY EVENT TO FOLLOW!
Roll over
takes place after rollover, at the end of the growth stage of a fire, with full room or area involvement immediately following.
Flash over
It usually occurs after flashover and is defined as rapid flame spread over one or more surfaces during a fire.
Flame over
Warning signs of flashover may not be apparent in buildings with large unenclosed floor or attic spaces and ceilings __ to __ feet above the floor or joist level.
12-20
Conditions for a _____ _____ develop before Firefighters enter or while they fight fire in the early stages as super heated smoke particles build up and are forced into enclosed, hidden areas.
Smoke explosion
When operating inside, watch for the following warning signs of a smoke explosion:
_____ or ______ flame due to a reduced oxygen level.
Smoke being ____ ____ you into the fire area of the structure.
____ ____swirling with great force.
Flickering flames in the smoke above you as heavier combustion products suspended in the superheated atmosphere try to ignite.
Sickly or intermittent
Drawn past you
Heavy smoke
It needs a building tight enough and strong enough to contain fire and hold back sufficient oxygen until the burning process moves into the decay stage.
Backdraft
Backdraft
Oxygen content must fall to between __% and __%.
11% and 15%
Backdraft
Explosive products of combustion are ____F to ____F and higher, well above their ignition temperature.
1000 to 1800 F
Differences Between Flashover and Backdraft
The primary difference between the two occurrences is
Amount of air present
Flashover signals the beginning of the ______ danger of a fire.
Collapse
There are four construction features that present the greatest danger to Firefighters from collapse:
- Any type of ____ construction
- ______ ______ construction
- Any _______ construction
- Unprotected ____ construction
Truss construction
Unreinforced masonry
Cantilever construction
Steel
Entry and exit considerations - ____ are best and should be the first choice
Doors
_____ should be your last choice, they can be extremely dangerous as openings which are smaller and no work platform can be provided except the ladder.
Windows
Make entry from the
Uninvolved to the involved
In general, provide a minimum of ___ ladders to every structure and one additional ladder for every ___ ____ team on the roof.
Two ladders
Two member team
