Taxonomy And Systematics Flashcards
Order of taxonomy groups
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Subspecies
Why is there ambiguity associated with common names
Different species have different names depending geographical location
How to write the nomenclature
Italics
Capital letter for genus
Lower case letter for species
What is a subspecies
Associated with geographical isolation of populations of a species
Definition of taxonomy
Naming of species typically associated with the original description of species
Definition of nomenclature
Assignment of a distinctive name to a species
Definition of taxon/clade
Any grouping of a species that share a particular set of characteristics
How are domains organised
Ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA suggests 3 evolutionary lineages
3 domains
Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukarya
What suggests the kingdoms
Cellular organisation
5 kingdoms
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Number of phyla in animalia
26
What is a species name made of
A capitalised genus name
Un-capitalised species name
Archaea
Prokaryotic microbes that live in extreme environments
Systematics
The study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationship between them
Eubacteria
True bacteria - prokaryotic organisms
Eukarya
All eukaryotic organisms
Monera
Prokaryotic bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Protista
Eukaryotic single-celled organisms
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Multi-celled organisms that have non-motile cells
Digest organic material extracellularly and absorb breakdown products
Plantae
Multi-celled organisms
Eukaryotic
Photosynthetic
Non-motile cells
Animalia
Eukaryotic
Multi-cellular organisms
Ingest other organisms
Motile cells
4 eukaryotic kingdoms
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Main techniques for determining the degree of relatedness of 2 speices
Anatomical
Molecular (genetics)
How are genes sequenced
Nuclear
Mitochondria (maternal lineages)
Ribosomal RNA
Monophyletic group
Has a single ancestral species and all of its ancestors
Polyphyletic group
Has species that can be traced back to several ancestral species
Paraphyletic group
Has some but not all species in a lineage
Paraphyletic group
Has some but not all species in a lineage
Homologies
Resemblance that result from common ancestor
Analogies
Resemblances that result in different species under same evolutionary pressure- convergent evolution
What evolutionary systematic is used in taxonomy
Homologies
Which phylogenetic system is gold standard
Monophyletic group
Homology
Organ of one species has the same developmental origin in another species but has a different function in the adult
Basis of comparative anatomy
Implies relationship
Analogous
Organ of one species has the same function as another unrelated species
Implies adaptation to similar conditions
Numerical taxonomy
Developed to make taxonomy more quantitative
Uses mathematical models to group sample of organisms based on their similarities
No distinction between homology and analogy
Limit discussion of evolutionary relationships to closely related species
Computer programs developed
Cladistics
Development of evolutionary relationships within monophyletic groups
Methods generate hypotheses
Recognise distinction between homology and analogy
Ancestral characters
Old homologies
Symplesiomorphies
Common characters
Derived characters
Characters that have arisen since common ancestry with the outgroup
Synapomorphies
Derived characters shared by members of the study group
Clade
Presence of a shared derived character provides evidence that the taxa form a related subset
Cladogram
Hypothetical lineage
Depicts a sequence in the origin of derived characters
Hierarchy of relatedness
Asymmetry
Absence of a central point or axis around which the body parts are arranged
Eg simple organisms - sponges
Radial symmetry
One point of reference at the end of the animal that has the mouth and the other is the opposite point of the animal
Eg sea anemone
Bilateral symmetry
Arrangement of body parts divides an animal into left and right mirror images
Eg lizard
Cephalisation
Movement of an animal in one direction leads to sensory organs at one end
Unicellular organisation
Organisms exist as single cells or aggregates of single cells
Diploblastic organism
Simplest level of tissue organisation
2 layers- ectoderm and endoderm
Cell types act independently of each other
Triploblastic organism
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
What does the mesoderm give rise to
Connective, supportive and blood cells
Acoleomate
No gap between endoderm and mesoderm
Platyhelminthes
Pseudocoelomate
Body cavity between endoderm and mesoderm
Nematoda
Coelomate
Body cavity within mesoderm
Annelida
Protostomes
The blastopore develops at the oral end of the animal- becomes the mouth
What do the majority of coelomate invertebrates develop as
Protostomes
Deuterostomes
Blastopore becomes the anus
What develops as deuterostomes
Echinoderms
Chordates
How can embryonic development define subsequent development
Fate of the blastopore - first opening in the early development of the embryo
How can embryonic development define subsequent development
Fate of the blastopore - first opening in the early development of the embryo
What has been used to define domains
Ribosomal RNA
How are subspecies normally defined
On morphological differences associated with geographical isolation
What is characteristic of species in a monophyletic group?
They can be traced back to a single ancestral species
In terms of gut formation how do protostomes and deuterostomes differ?
In protostomes the mouth forms from the blastopore whereas in deuterostomes the anus forms from the blastopore
What is the difference between taxonomy and systematics?
Taxonomy is the naming of species
systematics is the study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships between them
