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Comparative Anatomy And Physiology Of Animals > Taxonomy And Systematics > Flashcards

Taxonomy And Systematics Flashcards

1
Q

Order of taxonomy groups

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Subspecies

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2
Q

Why is there ambiguity associated with common names

A

Different species have different names depending geographical location

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3
Q

How to write the nomenclature

A

Italics
Capital letter for genus
Lower case letter for species

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4
Q

What is a subspecies

A

Associated with geographical isolation of populations of a species

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5
Q

Definition of taxonomy

A

Naming of species typically associated with the original description of species

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6
Q

Definition of nomenclature

A

Assignment of a distinctive name to a species

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7
Q

Definition of taxon/clade

A

Any grouping of a species that share a particular set of characteristics

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8
Q

How are domains organised

A

Ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA suggests 3 evolutionary lineages

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9
Q

3 domains

A

Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukarya

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10
Q

What suggests the kingdoms

A

Cellular organisation

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11
Q

5 kingdoms

A

Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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12
Q

Number of phyla in animalia

A

26

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13
Q

What is a species name made of

A

A capitalised genus name
Un-capitalised species name

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14
Q

Archaea

A

Prokaryotic microbes that live in extreme environments

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15
Q

Systematics

A

The study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationship between them

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16
Q

Eubacteria

A

True bacteria - prokaryotic organisms

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17
Q

Eukarya

A

All eukaryotic organisms

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18
Q

Monera

A

Prokaryotic bacteria
Cyanobacteria

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19
Q

Protista

A

Eukaryotic single-celled organisms

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20
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic
Multi-celled organisms that have non-motile cells
Digest organic material extracellularly and absorb breakdown products

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21
Q

Plantae

A

Multi-celled organisms
Eukaryotic
Photosynthetic
Non-motile cells

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22
Q

Animalia

A

Eukaryotic
Multi-cellular organisms
Ingest other organisms
Motile cells

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23
Q

4 eukaryotic kingdoms

A

Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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24
Q

Main techniques for determining the degree of relatedness of 2 speices

A

Anatomical
Molecular (genetics)

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25
Q

How are genes sequenced

A

Nuclear
Mitochondria (maternal lineages)
Ribosomal RNA

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26
Q

Monophyletic group

A

Has a single ancestral species and all of its ancestors

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27
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

Has species that can be traced back to several ancestral species

28
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

Has some but not all species in a lineage

29
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

Has some but not all species in a lineage

30
Q

Homologies

A

Resemblance that result from common ancestor

31
Q

Analogies

A

Resemblances that result in different species under same evolutionary pressure- convergent evolution

32
Q

What evolutionary systematic is used in taxonomy

A

Homologies

33
Q

Which phylogenetic system is gold standard

A

Monophyletic group

34
Q

Homology

A

Organ of one species has the same developmental origin in another species but has a different function in the adult
Basis of comparative anatomy
Implies relationship

35
Q

Analogous

A

Organ of one species has the same function as another unrelated species
Implies adaptation to similar conditions

36
Q

Numerical taxonomy

A

Developed to make taxonomy more quantitative
Uses mathematical models to group sample of organisms based on their similarities
No distinction between homology and analogy
Limit discussion of evolutionary relationships to closely related species
Computer programs developed

37
Q

Cladistics

A

Development of evolutionary relationships within monophyletic groups
Methods generate hypotheses
Recognise distinction between homology and analogy

38
Q

Ancestral characters

A

Old homologies

39
Q

Symplesiomorphies

A

Common characters

40
Q

Derived characters

A

Characters that have arisen since common ancestry with the outgroup

41
Q

Synapomorphies

A

Derived characters shared by members of the study group

42
Q

Clade

A

Presence of a shared derived character provides evidence that the taxa form a related subset

43
Q

Cladogram

A

Hypothetical lineage
Depicts a sequence in the origin of derived characters
Hierarchy of relatedness

44
Q

Asymmetry

A

Absence of a central point or axis around which the body parts are arranged
Eg simple organisms - sponges

45
Q

Radial symmetry

A

One point of reference at the end of the animal that has the mouth and the other is the opposite point of the animal
Eg sea anemone

46
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Arrangement of body parts divides an animal into left and right mirror images
Eg lizard

47
Q

Cephalisation

A

Movement of an animal in one direction leads to sensory organs at one end

48
Q

Unicellular organisation

A

Organisms exist as single cells or aggregates of single cells

49
Q

Diploblastic organism

A

Simplest level of tissue organisation
2 layers- ectoderm and endoderm
Cell types act independently of each other

50
Q

Triploblastic organism

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

51
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to

A

Connective, supportive and blood cells

52
Q

Acoleomate

A

No gap between endoderm and mesoderm
Platyhelminthes

53
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

Body cavity between endoderm and mesoderm
Nematoda

54
Q

Coelomate

A

Body cavity within mesoderm
Annelida

55
Q

Protostomes

A

The blastopore develops at the oral end of the animal- becomes the mouth

56
Q

What do the majority of coelomate invertebrates develop as

A

Protostomes

57
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Blastopore becomes the anus

58
Q

What develops as deuterostomes

A

Echinoderms
Chordates

59
Q

How can embryonic development define subsequent development

A

Fate of the blastopore - first opening in the early development of the embryo

60
Q

How can embryonic development define subsequent development

A

Fate of the blastopore - first opening in the early development of the embryo

61
Q

What has been used to define domains

A

Ribosomal RNA

62
Q

How are subspecies normally defined

A

On morphological differences associated with geographical isolation

63
Q

What is characteristic of species in a monophyletic group?

A

They can be traced back to a single ancestral species

64
Q

In terms of gut formation how do protostomes and deuterostomes differ?

A

In protostomes the mouth forms from the blastopore whereas in deuterostomes the anus forms from the blastopore

65
Q

What is the difference between taxonomy and systematics?

A

Taxonomy is the naming of species

systematics is the study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships between them

Comparative Anatomy And Physiology Of Animals (10 decks)

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