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Comparative Anatomy And Physiology Of Animals > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Composition of air- nitrogen

A

78%

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2
Q

Composition of air- oxygen

A

21%

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3
Q

Composition of air- carbon dioxide

A

0.04%

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4
Q

Partial pressure of O2 at sea level

A

21.2 kPa
101KPa x 0.21

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5
Q

Pressure equation

A

p = ma/A
p= 101KPa

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6
Q

Diffusion definition

A

A physical process by which ions of molecules move from a region of greater concentration to a region of lesser concentration

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7
Q

Fick’s law

A

R = D x A (p/d)

R - rate of diffusion
D- diffusion constant
A - area
p- difference in partial pressures between interior of organism and external environment
d - diffusion distance

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8
Q

Factors that increase diffusion

A

Large surface area
Small diffusion distance
High concentration gradient

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9
Q

What is required for gas exchange

A

A moist surface- O2 and CO2 must be dissolved in water to diffuse across a membrane

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10
Q

Value of PCO2 at sea level and high elevation

A

Close to 0

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11
Q

The respiratory medium - air

A

About 21% O2
Thinner at higher altitudes
Easy to ventilate

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12
Q

Respiratory medium - water

A

O2 amount much less than air (0.0015%)
O2 lower in warmer water
Harder to ventilate

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13
Q

What is the better respiratory medium

A

Air>water
8000 times better

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14
Q

What does the structure of the gas exchange surface depend on

A

Size of organism
Where it lives- water or land
Metabolic demands of the organism

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15
Q

Characteristics of gas exchange surfaces

A

Large surface area
Small diffusion distance
Moist
Favourable concentration gradient

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16
Q

Respiration in mollusca- snails

A

Snails have open circulatory system
Transport fluid is hemolymph
Hemocyanin is present in the hemolymph as the respiratory pigment that transports O2

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17
Q

What is the respiratory pigment in mollusca- snails

A

Hemocyanin

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18
Q

What is the transport fluid in mollusca-snails

A

Hemolymph

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19
Q

What is the respiratory protein family Planorbidae (snails and slugs)

A

Hemoglobin

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20
Q

Gas exchange in Annelida - earthworms

A

Takes place through the skin
May occur through gill filaments in some aquatic forms
O2 directly transported in the blood by either hemoglobin or chlorocruorin

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21
Q

Respiratory pigment in Annelida- earthworms

A

Hemoglobin or chlorocruorin

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22
Q

Gas exchange system of arthopoda- arachnids

A

Open circulatory system
O2 and CO2 carried in spider hemolymph by Hemocyanin
Respiratory organs- trachea and book lungs

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23
Q

Respiratory organs of Arthropoda - arachnids

A

Trachea
Book lungs

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24
Q

Respiratory pigment in arthopoda- arachnids

A

Hemocyanin

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25
Q

Gas exchange system in arthopoda- crustaceans

A

Gills protected by exoskeleton- feather like and attached to basal segments of the legs
Open circulatory system
Respiratory system is Hemocyanin

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26
Q

Respiratory medium in crustaceans

A

Hemocyanin

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27
Q

Gas exchange in insects eg locust and cockroaches

A

Simple tracheae with valved spiracles

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28
Q

Gas exchange system in insects eg mosquito larvae

A

Metapneustic system with only terminal spiracles

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29
Q

Gas exchange system in insects eg most endoparasitic larvae

A

Entirely closed tracheal system with cutaneous gas exchange

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30
Q

Gas exchange in insects eg larvae of carrion and some parasitic flies

A

A tracheal system with only terminal spiracles

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31
Q

Biological gills

A

Tracheated cuticular lamellar extensions from the body

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32
Q

Gas exchange in insects eg mayfly nymphs

A

Closed tracheal system with abdominal tracheal gills

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33
Q

Effect of temperature on oxygen solubility in water

A

O2 becomes less soluble as temperature increases
Ectotherms (aquatic animal) need more O2 when temperature rises as their metabolic rate rises

34
Q

Gas exchange in insects eg dragonfly nymphs

A

Closed tracheal system with rectal tracheal gills

35
Q

Physical gills

A

An adaptation common among some types of aquatic insects, which holds atmospheric oxygen in a respiratory area which does not have gills but have spiracles

36
Q

Why is p= 101KPa

A

= 10300kg x 9.81 m/s^2 / 1 m^2
= 101000 Kg m/s^2

1N = 1 Kg m/s^2
= 101000 N
1Pa = 1N
=101000Pa
=101KPa

37
Q

Siphon in metapneustic system

A

Contains hydrophobic hairs to prevent water entering

38
Q

Tracheal system in insects

A

Tracheoles are highly branched so reach every cell in the insect

39
Q

What is a siphon

A

tubular organ of the respiratory system of some insects that spend a significant amount of their time underwater, that serves as a breathing tube

siphon uses the water’s natural surface tension to attach for a breath

40
Q

Still water vs turbulent water

A

Still water- high O2 at the surface but rapidly declines as the distance increases from the air
Turbulence increases rate of solution and breaks down diffusion gradients

41
Q

Freshwater vs salt water

A

Freshwater can dissolve 25% more O2 than seawater

42
Q

Oxygen binding capacity of haemoglobin

A

Can bind 4 oxygen molecules (8 oxygen atoms)
1.34 mL O2 per gram of haemoglobin

43
Q

Blood plasma vs haemoglobin

A

Increases the total blood oxygen capacity x70 compared to dissolved oxygen in blood plasma

44
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein

45
Q

Oxygen transport in ice fish

A

Crocodile icefish of Antarctic waters lack any haemoglobin or red blood cells
Oxygen is dissolved in plasma

46
Q

How can icefish live without haemoglobin

A

Low metabolic rates
High solubility of oxygen in water (cold)

Icefish blood can only carry around 10% of close relatives.

47
Q

Fish gills

A

Gill arches support the primary lamellae (gill filaments)
Forms curtain through which water flow from the buccal cavity to the opercular cavity

48
Q

How do fish gills work

A

Valves exist within the mouth and the operculum cavity that mean water only moves in one direction
Suction pump phase
Pressure pump phase
Ram ventilation

49
Q

Suction pump phase

A

Opens mouth
Expands buccal cavity and closes opercular valve
Water is pulled into the mouth

50
Q

All vertebrates have haemoglobin apart from…

A

Crocodile Icefish

51
Q

Pressure pump phase

A

Closes mouth
Contracts buccal cavity and opens opercular valve
Water is pushed through gills to opercular cavity and out

52
Q

Ram ventilation

A

Mouth kept slightly open and fish swims forward
Water is pushed through gills to the opercular cavity
Most efficient in fast moving species

53
Q

Gills surface area

A

Gill arches support the primary lamellae (Gill filaments)
Secondary lamellae run perpendicular to the primary lamellae surface

54
Q

Elasmobranchs- sharks and rays

A

Gills support is different- septa create structural difference compared with teleost fish

allow for blood to be circulated between the supporting septum and the distal edge of the primary lamellae

55
Q

Counter-current flow

A

Water and blood flow in opposite directions to maintain a concentration gradient

56
Q

Typical mammalian lung structure

A

Blind-ended sac ending in alveoli
Trachea- 2 bronchi- — bronchioles—- terminal bronchioles— alveolar sacs

57
Q

How are mammalian lungs ventilated

A

Passively
Expansion of thoracic cavity is by contraction of intercostal muscles and flattening the diaphragm
Negative pressure

58
Q

Dead space

A

Some air not exchanged during breathing

59
Q

Lung systems in amphibians

A

Simple balloon-like structures
Actively ventilated
Use positive pressure

60
Q

Amphibian lungs are inefficient why is this ok

A

Low metabolic demands
Additional mechanisms to supplement their oxygen supply

61
Q

Amphibian respiration

A

Air is taken into the buccal cavity and associated air sacs, which expand (buccal ventilation). The lungs are full of air during this phase because they are separated off from the buccal cavity.
In the next phase the lungs are allowed to empty by passive contraction of the walls and air is forced out of the nasal cavity and upper part of the buccal cavity.
The mouth is then closed and the buccal cavity and air sacs are actively compressed forcing the air into the lungs (lung ventilation).
Now that the buccal cavity is empty the frog can take a breather to fill the buccal cavity and the cycle starts again.

62
Q

Tissues used for gas exchange in amphibians

A

Buccopharyngeal
Cutaneous
Pulmonary

63
Q

Buccopharyngeal tissue in amphibians

A

Use the mucosal surface lining the buccal cavity and pharynx as respiratory surfaces

64
Q

Amphibians and environmental hypoxia

A

Maximise cutaneous gas exchange
Increase surface area by folded skin

65
Q

Larval amphibians

A

Rely on gills during aquatic phase
Size and complexity depends on oxygen levels in water - greater area required in habitat as with lower dissolved oxygen

66
Q

Ventilation in reptiles

A

Lungs typically ventilated by combination of expansion and contraction of ribs via axial muscles and buccal pumping.
Lung has a single bronchus running down the centre, from which numerous branches reach out to individual pockets throughout the lungs.
Pockets are similar to, but much larger and fewer in number, than in mammalian lungs
In tuataras, snakes, and some lizards, the lungs are simpler in structure, similar to that of typical amphibians.
Snakes and limbless lizards typically possess only the right lung as a major respiratory organ.

67
Q

snakes and limbless lizards

A

Only have the right lung as a functional structure due to restricted body volume

68
Q

Ventilation in turtles

A

Unable to move ribs
Use their forearms and pectoral girdle forces air in and out of the lungs

69
Q

Ventilation in turtles

A

Unable to move ribs
Use their forearms and pectoral girdle forces air in and out of the lungs

70
Q

Lung ventilation in crocodile

A

Sac-like lungs that use a hepatic piston method to ventilate the lungs
Liver is pulled back by a muscle anchored to the pubic bone , which in turn pulls the bottom of the lungs backwards, expanding them- negative pressure

71
Q

Lung ventilation in alligators

A

Recent research has shown that internal organisation of the parabronchi within the lungs allows for uni-directional flow of air through the lungs
Inspired air enters parabronchi rather than lungs
Will improve efficiency of gas exchange

72
Q

Avian respiratory system

A

Series of air sacs

The lungs are tubular and air flows through them in one direction: front to back.
Tubular parabronchi

73
Q

Birds- respiratory cycle

A

Contrary to mammalian lung systems birds require two inspiration/expiration events to complete a respiratory cycle
Air is stored in the air sacs at different parts of the cycle
Efficiency of gas exchange is increased

During the first inspiration air moves via the bronchi to the posterior air sacs that expand to accommodate it.

During expiration the air moves from the posterior air sacs to flow forwards through the lungs. An aerodynamic valve prevents it moving back into the bronchi. It is during this phase that gas exchange takes place.

During the second inspiration the air moves into the anterior air sacs that expand to accommodate it.

During the second expiration the air is forced out of the anterior air sacs into the bronchi and out via the trachea.

74
Q

Bird pulmonary circulation

A

takes blood from the anterior of the lung to the back so the deoxygenated blood first encounters air that is relatively depleted of oxygen but this means that there is still a diffusion gradient from the air to the blood and oxygen can be harvested. As the blood moves backwards it encounters air that is higher in oxygen so even though the blood has gained oxygen there is still a gradient between the air and blood. This counter-current flow system maximises gain of oxygen and loss of carbon dioxide.

75
Q

Respiration in bird eggs

A

Bird eggs have a rigid shell that excludes the embryo from the external air. This restricts the loss of water vapour from inside the egg but it can also potentially restrict the amount of oxygen entering the egg and carbon dioxide leaving the egg.

shell contains pores that allow exchange of gases. The eggshell is built of crystals of calcium carbonate organised into blocks. The blocks mainly abut against each other but where they don’t a pore forms.

Most pores are simple tubes but as eggs get bigger the pore becomes more complex. The ostrich pore is branched towards the outside of the shell. Emu eggshells have a reticulated layer towards the outer surface that is topped by another layer.

76
Q

Gas exchange by eggs

A

Oxygen consumption = oxygen conductance x difference in oxygen concentration across the eggshell.

MO2 = GO2 x (PeO2 - PnO2).

Where: MO2 = daily oxygen consumption by an egg (mlO2/day); GO2 = water vapour conductance (mlO2/day/Torr); PeO2 = oxygen concentration inside the egg (Torr); and PnO2 = oxygen concentration outside the egg (Torr).

77
Q

Gas diffusion through the egg shell pore

A

Pore numbers are fixed and the amount of oxygen inside the eggshell is generally the same. The amount of oxygen in the nest is higher than inside the egg and so oxygen diffuses across into the egg

78
Q

Chick development at 5 days of incubation

A

Vascular yolk sac membrane serves as the primary respiratory membrane for the first week of development

79
Q

The extra-embryonic membranes in eggs- older eggs

A

CHORION – continuation of the amnion and forms the outermost layer of embryonic tissue.
In combination with allantois forms CHORIO-ALLANTOIS, which lines the inside of the eggshell and is the main respiratory membrane from around day 10 of development in the chick

80
Q

Why is the bird ventilation system so efficient

A

No dead space
Air is constantly moved through the system

81
Q

Temperature is inversely related to oxygen solubility. Salinity is also inversely related to oxygen solubility. Which one of the following options will have the lowest concentration of dissolved oxygen?

Fresh water coming from your tap
Fresh water in the Arctic Tundra
Fresh water in West Africa
Sea water in the Atlantic ocean off West Africa
Sea water in the Arctic Ocean

A

Sea water in the Atlantic ocean off West Africa

Comparative Anatomy And Physiology Of Animals (8 decks)

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